Table I.

Definitions of different conceptualizations of adversity.

Cumulative risk	Dimensions
	Threat	Deprivation	Unpredictability
The cumulative risk approach focuses on the number of adverse experiences a child has encountered and assumes that these experiences have additive influences on developmental outcomes. Cumulative risk assumes that different types of adverse experiences influence behavioral and neural development through mechanisms that are largely universal or shared.	Threat refers to experiences that involve harm or the possibility of harm to one’s physical integrity. This includes experiences where the child is directly victimized, such as physical abuse, as well as situations where the child witnesses harm occurring to others, such as violence between caregivers.	Deprivation refers to reductions in social and cognitive inputs from the environment during development, leading to limited opportunities for learning.	Unpredictability can be described as a state of environmental instability, where there is a lack of routine and frequent, rapid, and/or unanticipated changes in the environment. It can also be defined as stochastic variation in extrinsic morbidity-mortality.