Table 6:

Supplementary fibrous and hydrogel-based nanomaterials employed as surgical sealants.

Composition	Architecture	Mode of Administration	Ex Vivo Tissue Type Used	Burst Pressure (kPa)	Refs.
Hydrocaffeic acid-modified chitosan with chitosan lactate	Hydrogel	Injection	Pig intestine	10	(Du et al., 2020)
Chitosan-catechol	Film	Prefabricated	Rat intestine	27	(Ryu et al., 2019)
Gelatin methacryloyl	Hydrogel	Injection	Collagen membrane / rat lung	15 / 6	(Assmann et al., 2017)
Hyaluronic acid/gelatin	Hydrogel	Injection	Dog intestine	20	(Luo et al., 2019)
Four arm poly(ethylene glycol)-N-hydrosuccinimide ester	Hydrogel	Injection	Collagen membrane	9	(Kelmansky et al., 2017)
Eight arm poly(ethylene glycol)-N-hydrosuccinimide ester and tannic acid	Hydrogel	Injection	Pig artery	24	(Sun et al., 2020)
Four armed poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-N-Hydroxysuccinimide ester	Hydrogel (glue)	Injection	Collagen membrane	13	(Shimony et al., 2021)
Mussel adhesive protein-hyaluronic acid shell with silk fibroin core	Needle patch	Prefabricated	Pig intestine	13	(Jeon et al., 2019)
Methacryloyl-substituted tropoelastin	Hydrogel	Prefabricated	Collagen membrane / rat lung / pig lung	12 / 6 / 3	(Annabi et al., 2017)
Poly(acrylamide-methyl acrylate-acrylic acid)	Hydrogel	Prefabricated	Pig intestine	13	(Anthis et al., 2021)
Agarose−ethylenediamine conjugate and dialdehyde-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)	Hydrogel	Prefabricated	Pig skin	16	(Z. Zhang et al., 2018)