Table 7:

Select fibrous and hydrogel-based nanomaterials deployed as hemostats in surgery.

Composition	Architecture	Mode of Administration	Animal Model - Blood Loss	Blood Loss (control vs. test)	Clotting Time - Model	Clotting Time (control vs. test)	Refs.
N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide	Hydrogel particles	Prefabricated	Rat liver puncture / rat tail amputation	500 mg vs. 200 mg / 3 g vs. 500 mg	Rat liver puncture / rat tail amputation	1.5 min vs. 0.25 min / 18 min vs. 5 min	(Behrens et al., 2014)
Zeolite-loaded alginate-chitosan	Hydrogel particles	Prefabricated	N/A	N/A	In vitro whole blood	9 min vs. 15 s	(Fathi et al., 2018)
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/poly(ethylene glycol)/silica	Fiber	Blowspinning	N/A	N/A	Pig liver laceration	4 min vs. 3 min	(Daristotle et al., 2019)
Quaternized chitosan-poly(dopamine)	Hydrogel	Prefabricated	Mouse tail amputation / mouse liver prick / rat liver incision / rabbit liver resection / pig skin laceration	125 mg vs. 10 mg / 500 mg vs. 20 mg / 960 mg vs. 30 mg / 10 g vs. 1 g / 400 mg vs. 30 mg	Mouse tail amputation / mouse liver prick / rat liver incision / rabbit liver resection / pig skin laceration	545 s vs. 80 s / 316 s vs. 20 s / 204 s vs. 60 s / 425 s vs. 200 s / 200 s vs. 50 s	(M. Li et al., 2020)
Dopamine and antimicrobial peptide modified gelatin methacryloyl with poly(caprolactone) layer	Film	Prefabricated	Mouse skin biopsy / rat liver incision	275 mg vs. 10 mg / 440 mg vs. 50 mg	Mouse skin biopsy / rat liver incision	450 s vs. 200 s / 330 s vs. 60 s	(Xuan et al., 2020)
Silk fibroin with tannic acid	Hydrogel	Prefabricated	Rat liver puncture	425 mg vs. 40 mg	In vitro whole blood	5.5 min vs. 1 min	(Bai et al., 2019)
Agarose−ethylenediamine conjugate and dialdehyde-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)	Hydrogel	Prefabricated	Rabbit liver incision	700 mg vs. 200 mg	Rabbit liver incision	75 s vs. 10 s	(Z. Zhang et al., 2018)
Chitosan/gelatin composite sponge	Foam	Prefabricated	Rabbit liver puncture / rabbit ear artery puncture	17 g vs. 4 g / 3 g vs. 1 g	Rabbit liver puncture / rabbit ear artery puncture	100 s vs. 40 s / 100 s vs. 50 s	(Lan et al., 2015)
Poly(dextran aldehyde)	Foam	Prefabricated	Rabbit liver incision / rabbit ear artery incision / rabbit femoral artery incision	1.1 g vs. 0.3g / 7.5 g vs. 0.1 g / 8 g vs. 0.1 g	Rabbit liver incision / rabbit ear artery incision / rabbit femoral artery incision	420 s vs. 240 s / 250 s vs. 50 s / 180 s vs. 120 s	(C. Liu et al., 2019)