Table 8:

Supplementary fibrous and hydrogel-based nanomaterials deployed as hemostats in surgery.

Composition	Architecture	Mode of Administration	Animal Model - Blood Loss	Blood Loss (control vs. test)	Clotting Time - Model	Clotting Time (control vs. test)	Refs.
Poly(diolcitrate) with poly(methyl methacrylate)	Hydrogel	Prefabricated	Rat liver puncture	500 mg vs. 200 mg	N/A	N/A	(Z. Wang et al., 2021)
Hydrocaffeic acid-modified chitosan with chitosan lactate	Hydrogel	Injection	Rat liver incision	375 mg vs. 20 mg	Rat liver incision	120 s vs. 30 s	(Du et al., 2020)
Gelatin methacryloyl with N-(2-aminoethyl)−4-(4-(hydroxymethyl)−2-methoxy-5-nitrosophenoxy) butanamide with hyaluronic acid	Hydrogel	Injection	Rabbit liver resection	220 mg vs. 90 mg	N/A	N/A	(Hong et al., 2019)
Hyaluronic acid/gelatin	Hydrogel	Injection	Rat liver incision	240 mg vs. 100 mg	N/A	N/A	(Luo et al., 2019)
Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-methacrylic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester-fluorescein methacrylate with transglutaminase factor XIIIa	Suspension	Dropwise	N/A	N/A	Rat artery catheter	1 min vs. 0.75 min	(Chan et al., 2015)
RADA16-I peptide with hyaluronic acid coated gauze	Film	Prefabricated	N/A	N/A	Pig skin 8 mm biopsy	5 min vs. 2 min	(Hsu et al., 2015)
N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride and poly(dextran aldehyde)	Hydrogel	Injection	Rat liver puncture	170 mg vs. 45 mg	N/A	N/A	(Hoque et al., 2017)
Starch-based hydrogel	Hydrogel	Injection	Rat femoral artery incision	7 g vs. 2g	N/A	N/A	(Mao et al., 2021)
Silica nanoparticle coated with poly(dopamine)	Particle suspension	Dropwise	Rat femoral artery incision / rat liver incision	4.5 g vs. 1.25 g / 1 g vs. 0.2 g	Rat femoral artery incision / rat liver incision	250 s vs. 170 s / 120 s vs. 100 s / 140 s vs. 80 s	(C. Liu et al., 2018)
Hydrophobically modified chitosan	Foam	Aerosol spray	Rat liver resection	28 mL vs. 9 mL	N/A	N/A	(Dowling et al., 2015)
Collagen sponge with chitosan/calcium pyrophosphate	Foam	Prefabricated	Rabbit artery incision / rat liver resection	1.6 g vs. 1 g / 1.5 g vs. 1 g	Rabbit artery incision / rat liver resection	164 s vs. 135 s / 184 s vs. 106 s	(Yan et al., 2017)
Poly(caprolactone) foam coated with gelatin	Foam	Electrospinning	N/A	N/A	In vitro human whole blood	100 s vs. 20 s	(S. Chen et al., 2018)
Cellulose and chitosan with collagen	Foam	Prefabricated	Rat liver resection	140 mg vs. 60 mg	Rat liver resection	180 s vs. 90 s	(Yuan et al., 2020)
Zeolite chabazite on the cotton fiber surface	Fiber	Prefabricated	Rabbit femoral artery incision	10 g vs. 7 g	Rabbit femoral artery incision	400 s vs. 150 s	(L. Yu et al., 2019)