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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2023 Apr 26;37(6):489–504. doi: 10.1111/ppe.12978

Figure 2. Conceptual model for depression and adverse perinatal outcomes.

Figure 2.

References for figure components:

Major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms:

Fisher J, Cabral de Mello M, Patel V, et al. Prevalence and determinants of common perinatal mental disorders in women in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ 2012; 90: 139–149H.

Predictors of peripartum depression:

Fisher J, Cabral de Mello M, Patel V, et al. Prevalence and determinants of common perinatal mental disorders in women in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ 2012; 90: 139–149H.

Stein A, Pearson RM, Goodman SH, et al. Effects of perinatal mental disorders on the fetus and child. Lancet 2014; 384: 1800–19.

Lancaster CA, Gold KJ, Flynn HA, Yoo H, Marcus SM, Davis MM. Risk factors for depressive symptoms during pregnancy: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202: 5–14.

Psychophysiologic mechanisms:

Payne JL, Maguire J. Pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in postpartum depression. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52: 165–80.

Low birthweight:

Jarde A, Morais M, Kingston D, et al. Neonatal Outcomes in Women With Untreated Antenatal Depression Compared With Women Without Depression. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73: 826.

Grigoriadis S, VonderPorten EH, Mamisashvili L, et al. The Impact of Maternal Depression During Pregnancy on Perinatal Outcomes. J Clin Psychiatry 2013; 74: e321–41.

Small for gestational age:

Jarde A, Morais M, Kingston D, et al. Neonatal Outcomes in Women With Untreated Antenatal Depression Compared With Women Without Depression. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73: 826.

Preterm birth:

Jarde A, Morais M, Kingston D, et al. Neonatal Outcomes in Women With Untreated Antenatal Depression Compared With Women Without Depression. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73: 826.

Grigoriadis S, VonderPorten EH, Mamisashvili L, et al. The Impact of Maternal Depression During Pregnancy on Perinatal Outcomes. J Clin Psychiatry 2013; 74: e321–41.

Grote NK, Bridge JA, Gavin AR, Melville JL, Iyengar S, Katon WJ. A Meta-analysis of Depression During Pregnancy and the Risk of Preterm Birth, Low Birth Weight, and Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67: 1012.

Infant death:

Jacques N, de Mola CL, Joseph G, Mesenburg MA, da Silveira MF. Prenatal and postnatal maternal depression and infant hospitalization and mortality in the first year of life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2019; 243: 201–8.