Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of PrIMA study participants included in MSD-birth outcomes analysis
| Overall (n=4153) | MSD (n=994) | No MSD (n=3159) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | N | n (%) or Median (IQR) | Missing n (%) | n | n (%) or Median (IQR) | n | n (%) or Median (IQR) |
| Age (years) | 4151 | 24 (21, 28) | 2 (0.05%) | 993 | 24 (21, 29) | 3158 | 24 (21, 28) |
| Adolescents and young women (<24 years) | 4151 | 2369 (57.1%) | 2 (0.05%) | 993 | 566 (57.0%) | 3158 | 1803 (57.1%) |
| Gestational age (enrollment, weeks) | 4153 | 24 (20, 30) | 0 (0.0%) | 994 | 24 (20, 30) | 3159 | 24 (20, 30) |
| Married or living with a partner | 4119 | 3491 (84.8%) | 34 (0.8%) | 987 | 812 (82.3%) | 3132 | 2679 (85.5%) |
| Completed education (years) | 4074 | 10 (8, 12) | 81 (2.0%) | 971 | 10 (8, 12) | 3101 | 10 (8, 12) |
| Regularly employed | 4101 | 612 (14.9%) | 52 (1.3%) | 982 | 121 (12.3%) | 3119 | 491 (15.7%) |
| Household crowding (≥2 people/room) | 4126 | 1995 (48.4%) | 27 (0.7%) | 989 | 532 (53.8%) | 3137 | 1463 (46.6%) |
| Pregnancy history & factors | |||||||
| Primiparous | 4148 | 1065 (25.7%) | 5 (0.1%) | 993 | 235 (23.7%) | 3155 | 830 (26.3%) |
| Multiparous | 4148 | 3083 (74.3%) | 5 (0.1%) | 993 | 758 (76.3%) | 3159 | 2325 (73.7%) |
| No prior preterm birth | 3083 | 3041 (98.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 758 | 750 (98.9%) | 2325 | 2291 (98.5%) |
| Prior preterm birth | 3083 | 42 (1.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 758 | 8 (1.1%) | 2325 | 34 (1.5%) |
| No prior pregnancy loss | 3083 | 2645 (85.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 758 | 639 (84.3%) | 2325 | 2008 (86.4%) |
| Prior pregnancy loss | 3083 | 436 (14.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 758 | 119 (5.1%) | 2325 | 317 (13.6%) |
| Trimester of initial antenatal care (ANC) visit | 4153 | 0 (0.0%) | |||||
| First | 4153 | 615 (14.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 994 | 128 (12.9%) | 3159 | 487 (15.4%) |
| Second | 4153 | 2098 (50.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 994 | 500 (50.3%) | 3159 | 1598 (50.6%) |
| Third | 4153 | 1440 (34.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 994 | 366 (36.8%) | 3159 | 1074 (34.0%) |
| Attended at least 4 ANC visits (before pregnancy end) | 4153 | 3655 (88.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 994 | 876 (88.1%) | 3159 | 2779 (88.0%) |
| HIV risk factors | |||||||
| High HIV riska | 4153 | 1542 (37.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 994 | 454 (45.7%) | 3159 | 1088 (34.4%) |
| Self-perceived HIV risk | 4146 | 369 (8.9%) | 7 (0.2%) | 993 | 124 (12.5%) | 3153 | 245 (7.8%) |
| Lifetime sexual partners | 4148 | 2 (2, 3) | 5 (0.1%) | 994 | 3 (2, 4) | 3154 | 2 (2, 3) |
| Lifetime sexual partners (>2) | 4148 | 3448 (83.1%) | 5 (0.1%) | 994 | 871 (87.6%) | 3154 | 2577 (81.7%) |
| Partner age difference >10 yearsb | 3182 | 497 (15.6%) | 917 (23.4%) | 736 | 118 (16.0%) | 2446 | 379 (15.5%) |
| Partner HIV-positiveb | 4101 | 176 (4.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 979 | 67 (6.8%) | 3122 | 109 (3.5%) |
| Partner HIV status unknownb | 4101 | 1296 (31.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 979 | 370 (37.8%) | 3122 | 926 (29.7%) |
| Sexually transmitted infection (enrollment) | 4146 | 104 (2.5%) | 7 (0.2%) | 992 | 45 (4.5%) | 3154 | 59 (1.9%) |
| PrEP Use in pregnancy | 4153 | 551 (13.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 994 | 192 (19.3%) | 3159 | 359 (11.4%) |
| Psychosocial characteristics | |||||||
| Ever drink alcohol | 4135 | 168 (4.1%) | 18 (0.4%) | 985 | 50 (5.1%) | 3150 | 118 (3.7%) |
| Social support scorec | 4153 | 75 (63, 88) | 0 (0.0%) | 994 | 70 (55, 81) | 3159 | 78 (66, 89) |
| Low social support (MOS-SSS score <72) | 4153 | 1550 (37.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 994 | 521 (52.4%) | 3159 | 1029 (32.6%) |
| Intimate partner violenced (HITS score ≥10) | 4148 | 323 (7.8%) | 5 (0.1%) | 993 | 170 (17.1%) | 3155 | 153 (4.8%) |
| CESD-10 score | 4153 | 5 (3, 9) | 0 (0.0%) | 994 | 13 (11, 16) | 3159 | 4 (2, 6) |
| Mild-to-severe depressive symptoms (CESD-10≥5) | 4153 | 2273 (54.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 994 | 994 (100.0%) | 3159 | 1279 (40.5%) |
| Moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms (CESD-10≥10) | 4153 | 994 (23.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | -- | -- | ||
We evaluated HIV risk using the Pintye et al.31 risk score (high HIV risk: score >6 = “Yes”, score ≤6 = “No”).
Among those with current partners
We evaluated social support using the 18-item Medical Outcomes Study social support score (MOS-SSS), defining low social support as scores below 72 (Low social support: MOS-SSS score score <72 = “Yes”, MOS-SSS score ≥ 72 = “No”).
We evaluated intimate partner violence using the 4-item Hurt, Insult, Threaten, and Scream scale (HITS), defining intimate partner violence as scores of 10 and above (IPV: HITS score ≥10 = “Yes”, HITS score <10 = “No”).
CESD-10: Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale-10
MSD: Moderate-to-severe depressive symptom