Appendix 3.
Incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes by psychosocial factors among PrIMA study participants
| CESD-10 scorea | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Adverse perinatal outcome | Without adverse perinatal outcome | ||||||
| Adverse perinatal outcomes | Cases | Fetus-years | IR | 95% Confidence interval (CI) | Mean | St. Dev. (SD) | Mean | SD |
| Pregnancy loss (<20 weeks) (n=1005) | 15 | 111.3 | 13.5 | 8.1, 22.4 | 8.6 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 5.4 |
| Stillbirth (≥ 20 weeks) (n=990) | 32 | 337.9 | 9.5 | 6.7, 13.4 | 5.2 | 4.1 | 6.2 | 5.5 |
| Late stillbirth (≥28 weeks) (n=2566) | 47 | 542.1 | 8.7 | 6.5, 11.5 | 6.8 | 5.4 | 6.3 | 5.4 |
| Preterm birth (<37 weeks) (n=4084) | 780 | 1099.3 | 71.0 | 66.1, 76.1 | 7.0 | 5.3 | 6.2 | 5.4 |
| Small for gestational age (n=2627) | 263 | 682.9 | 38.5 | 34.1, 43.5 | 6.8 | 5.5 | 6.6 | 5.6 |
| Neonatal death (within 28 days of life) (n=4055) | 63 | 306.8 | 20.5 | 16.0, 26.3 | 6.6 | 5.4 | 6.3 | 5.4 |
| Any adverse perinatal outcome (n=625)b | 201 | 310.7 | 64.7 | 56.3, 74.3 | 7.0 | 5.6 | 6.5 | 5.7 |
| Any adverse perinatal outcome (n=4153)c | 864 | 1355.1 | 63.8 | 59.6, 68.2 | 7.0 | 5.3 | 6.2 | 5.4 |
| Mild-SD in pregnancy | No Mild-SD in pregnancy | |||||||
| Cases | Fetus-years | IR | 95% CI | Cases | Fetus-years | IR | 95% CI | |
| Pregnancy loss | 10 | 57.1 | 17.5 | 9.4, 32.5 | 5* | 54.1 | 9.2 | 3.8, 22.2 |
| Stillbirth | 15 | 175.1 | 8.6 | 5.2, 14.2 | 17 | 162.8 | 10.4 | 6.5, 16.8 |
| Late stillbirth | 28 | 297.7 | 9.4 | 6.5, 13.6 | 19 | 244.5 | 7.8 | 5.0, 12.2 |
| Preterm birth | 492 | 596.1 | 82.5 | 75.6, 90.2 | 288 | 503.2 | 57.2 | 51.0, 64.2 |
| Small for gestational age | 155 | 389.2 | 39.8 | 34.0, 46.6 | 108 | 293.8 | 36.8 | 30.4, 44.4 |
| Neonatal death | 38 | 167.4 | 22.7 | 16.5, 31.2 | 25 | 139.4 | 17.9 | 12.1, 26.5 |
| Any adverse perinatal outcome (n=625)b | 117 | 170.9 | 68.4 | 57.1, 82.0 | 84 | 139.7 | 60.1 | 48.5, 74.4 |
| Any adverse perinatal outcome (n=4153)c | 540 | 731.4 | 73.8 | 67.9, 80.3 | 324 | 623.7 | 51.9 | 46.6, 57.9 |
| MSD in pregnancy | No MSD in pregnancy | |||||||
| Cases | Fetus-years | IR | 95% CI | Cases | Fetus-years | IR | 95% CI | |
| Pregnancy loss | 7 | 25.9 | 27.1 | 12.9, 56.8 | 8 | 85.4 | 9.4 | 4.7, 18.7 |
| Stillbirth | 4 | 73.6 | 5.4 | 2.0, 14.5 | 28 | 264.3 | 10.6 | 7.3, 15.3 |
| Late stillbirth | 11 | 126.7 | 8.7 | 4.8, 15.7 | 36 | 415.5 | 8.7 | 6.3, 12.0 |
| Preterm birth | 202 | 256.8 | 78.7 | 68.5, 90.3 | 578 | 842.5 | 68.6 | 63.2, 74.4 |
| Small for gestational age | 77 | 180.3 | 42.7 | 34.2, 53.4 | 186 | 502.7 | 37.0 | 32.1, 42.7 |
| Neonatal death | 14 | 73.3 | 19.1 | 11.3, 32.2 | 49 | 233.5 | 21.0 | 15.9, 27.8 |
| Any adverse perinatal outcome (n=625)b | 58 | 79.9 | 72.6 | 56.1, 93.9 | 143 | 230.8 | 62.0 | 52.6, 73.0 |
| Any adverse perinatal outcome (n=4153)c | 224 | 317.1 | 70.6 | 62.0, 80.5 | 640 | 1038.1 | 61.7 | 57.1, 66.6 |
| Low social support in pregnancy | Not low social support in pregnancy | |||||||
| Cases | Fetus-years | IR | 95% CI | Cases | Fetus-years | IR | 95% CI | |
| Pregnancy loss | 2 | 33.5 | 6.0 | 1.5, 23.9 | 13 | 77.7 | 16.7 | 9.7, 28.8 |
| Stillbirth | 16 | 110.9 | 14.4 | 8.8, 23.6 | 16 | 227.1 | 7.0 | 4.3, 11.5 |
| Late stillbirth | 21 | 189.0 | 11.1 | 7.2, 17.0 | 26 | 353.1 | 7.4 | 5.0, 10.8 |
| Preterm birth | 332 | 386.1 | 86.0 | 77.2, 95.8 | 448 | 713.2 | 62.8 | 57.3, 68.9 |
| Small for gestational age | 88 | 215.0 | 40.9 | 33.2, 50.4 | 175 | 467.9 | 37.4 | 32.2, 43.4 |
| Neonatal death | 24 | 114.9 | 20.9 | 14.0, 31.2 | 39 | 191.9 | 20.3 | 14.8, 27.8 |
| Any adverse perinatal outcome (n=625)b | 79 | 96.3 | 82.0 | 65.8, 102.3 | 122 | 214.4 | 56.9 | 47.7, 68.0 |
| Any adverse perinatal outcome (n=4153)c | 363 | 478.4 | 75.9 | 68.5, 84.1 | 501 | 876.7 | 57.1 | 52.4, 62.4 |
| IPV in pregnancy | No IPV in pregnancy | |||||||
| Cases | Fetus-years | IR | 95% CI | Cases | Fetus-years | IR | 95% CI | |
| Pregnancy loss | 1 | 9.0 | 11.1 | 1.6, 78.9 | 14 | 102.3 | 13.7 | 8.1, 32.1 |
| Stillbirth | 3 | 26.9 | 11.1 | 3.6, 34.5 | 29 | 311.0 | 9.3 | 6.5, 13.4 |
| Late stillbirth | 4 | 42.9 | 9.3 | 3.5, 24.8 | 43 | 498.4 | 8.6 | 6.4, 11.6 |
| Preterm birth | 48 | 86.7 | 55.4 | 41.7, 73.5 | 730 | 1011.3 | 72.2 | 67.1, 77.6 |
| Small for gestational age | 20 | 57.0 | 35.1 | 22.6, 54.3 | 243 | 625.3 | 38.9 | 34.3, 44.1 |
| Neonatal death | 3* | 24.0 | 12.5 | 4.0, 38.8 | 60 | 282.4 | 21.2 | 16.5, 27.4 |
| Any adverse perinatal outcome (n=625)b | 13 | 23.8 | 54.7 | 31.7, 94.1 | 188 | 286.9 | 65.5 | 56.8, 75.6 |
| Any adverse perinatal outcome (n=4153)c | 55 | 107.5 | 51.2 | 39.3, 66.6 | 807 | 1246.1 | 64.8 | 60.4, 69.4 |
a
CESD-10 score was re-scaled to reflect a 10-unit change in score
b
Any adverse perinatal outcome: miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, small for gestational age, or neonatal death; among those enrolled <20 weeks and with birthweight data
c
Any adverse perinatal outcome: miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, or neonatal death; among all pregnancies
IR: Incidence rate per 100 fetus-years
Mild-SD: Mild-to-severe depressive symptoms
MSD: Moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms
LSS: Low social support
IPV: Intimate partner violence