While a crowded playing field has its advantages, the complexity could also make it more difficult for medical centers to participate in AI research and to collaborate with each other. Stakeholders include medical centers (dark blue), large cloud providers (orange), as well as intermediate platforms (light blue) that offer certain computing features and tools but ultimately rely on large cloud providers for core services. Given the complexity of the computing landscape, the computing option(s) chosen by an institution affect availability of certain tools and/or datasets and can affect ease of collaboration with other institutions. AWS, Amazon Web Services. GCP, Google Cloud Platform.