Table 3.
Adoption of overdose preventive behaviors by intentionality of fentanyl use among PWID in New York City, 2021–2022
| Variable | Group 1 vs 2 | P | Group 2 v 3 | p | Group 1 v 3 | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1: Recent Intentional Fentanyl Use N = 56 | Group 2: Recent Unintentional Fentanyl Use N = 203 | Group 2: Recent Unintentional Fentanyl Use N = 203 | Group 3: No Recent Fentanyl Use N = 54 | Group 1: Recent Intentional Fentanyl Use N = 56 | Group 3: No Recent Fentanyl Use N = 54 | ||||
| Using test shots | 4 (7%) | 28 (14%) | 0.18 | 28 (14%) | 11 (20%) | 0.23 | 4 (7%) | 11 (20%) | 0.04 |
| Tasting drugs before using them (by mouth) | 4 (7%) | 34 (17%) | 0.07 | 34 (17%) | 12 (22%) | 0.35 | 4 (7%) | 12 (22%) | 0.02 |
| Using trusted dealers | 14 (25%) | 96 (47%) | 0.003 | 96 (47%) | 23 (43%) | 0.54 | 14 (25%) | 23 (43%) | 0.051 |
| Using drugs with or near others | 21 (38%) | 69 (34%) | 0.63 | 69 (34%) | 22 (41%) | 0.36 | 21 (38%) | 22 (41%) | 0.73 |
| Using smaller amounts of drugs | 29 (52%) | 91 (45%) | 0.36 | 91 (45%) | 29 (54%) | 0.25 | 29 (52%) | 29 (54%) | 0.84 |
| When wanting to use, choosing not to | 2 (4%) | 8 (4%) | >0.99 | 8 (4%) | 2 (4%) | >0.99 | 2 (4%) | 2 (4%) | >0.99 |
| Using prescription opioids instead of heroin | 1 (2%) | 4 (2%) | >0.99 | 4 (2%) | 1 (2%) | >0. 99 | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | >0.99 |
| Using drugs other than prescription opioids instead of heroin | 0 (0%) | 2 (1%) | >0.99 | 2 (1%) | 1 (2%) | 0.51 | 0 (0%) | 1(2%) | 0.49 |
| Smoking drugs instead of injecting | 6 (11%) | 8 (4%) | 0.09 | 8 (4%) | 9 (17%) | 0.003 | 6 (11%) | 9 (17%) | 0.36 |
| Sniffing drugs instead of injecting | 10 (18%) | 38 (19%) | 0.88 | 38 (19%) | 8 (15%) | 0.51 | 10 (18%) | 8 (15%) | 0.67 |
| Using fentanyl test strips | 4 (7%) | 37 (18%) | 0.044 | 37 (18%) | 5 (9%) | 0.11 | 4 (7%) | 5 (9%) | 0.74 |
| Keeping naloxone/narcan nearby | 32 (57%) | 125 (62%) | 0.55 | 125 (62%) | 20 (37%) | 0.001 | 32 (57%) | 20 (37%) | 0.035 |
| Not using multiple drugs at the same time | 2 (4%) | 2 (1%) | 0.21 | 2 (1%) | 2 (4%) | 0.20 | 2 (4%) | 2 (4%) | >0.99 |
| Other methods | 2 (4%) | 9 (4%) | >0.99 | 9 (4%) | 4 (7%) | 0.48 | 2 (4%) | 4 (7%) | 0.43 |
| Not using overdose prevention strategies | 4 (7%) | 6 (3%) | 0.23 | 6 (3%) | 5 (9%) | 0.06 | 4 (7%) | 5 (9%) | 0.74 |
Tests of associations: Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables. Pearson’s Chi-squared test and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. Significance level for post-hoc tests set at α = 0.05