Table 1.
Pharmacokinetics of tetracyclines used in humans.
| Active Substance [Reference] |
Administration Routes | Bioavailability from GI (%) |
Metabolism | Biological Half-Fife (h) | Excretion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tetracycline [29,32] | Oral, topical | 75–88 | Minimally metabolized | 6–11 | Renal, feces |
| Oxytetracycline [29,32] | Oral, ophthalmic | 58 | Not metabolized | 6–9.2 | Renal, feces |
| Chlortetracycline [29,32] | Oral, topical | 25–30 | Not metabolized | 5.6–9 | Renal, biliary |
| Demeclocycline [29,32] | Oral | 60–80 | Hepatic | 10–17 | Renal |
| Lymecycline [29] | Oral | 100 | - | 10 | Renal |
| Rolitetracycline [32] | Intravenous | - | Not metabolized | 5.8 | Renal |
| Doxycycline [29,32] | Oral, intravenous | 80–100 | Not metabolized | 15–25 | Feces, renal |
| Minocycline [29,32] | Oral | 100 | Hepatic | 11–18 | Renal, feces |
| Tigecycline [29,33] | Intravenous | - * | Not metabolized | 42.4 | Biliary, renal |
| Sarecycline [34] | Oral | - | Minimally metabolized | 21–22 | Rena, feces |
| Omadacycline [35,36] | Oral, intravenous | 34.5 | Not metabolized | 16.8 | Feces, renal |
| Eravacycline [37] | Intravenous | 28 | Minimally metabolized | 48 | Biliary, renal |
* The bioavailability of tigecycline after per os administration in turkey was 0.97 ± 0.57% [38]; GI—gastrointestinal tract.