Table 3.
Effect of WATCH antibiotics on gastrointestinal dysbiosis.
| Antibiotic | Experimental Model |
Bacteria Decreased | Bacteria Increased | Time for Gut to Recover | Long Term Impacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxytetracycline [63] |
Wistar rat | Lactobacillaceae, Aerococcaceae, Helicobacteraceae, and Pasteurellaceae | Bifidobacteriaceae, Enterococcaceae, and Actinomycetacaea | Composition started recovering after treatment but still displayed abnormalities two weeks after treatment | 4-epi-oxytetracycline was found in blood and tissue samples two weeks after treatment, ARGs increased, and metabolism significantly changed in treatment groups |
| Oxytetracycline [64] | Nile Tilapia |
Actinobacteria, Lamia, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Reyranella, Nocardioides, Mycobacterium, Smaragdicoccus, Pedomicrobium, Chlamydiae, Verrucomicrobia, Gematta, Planctopirus |
Plesiomonas, Aquicella, Hyphomicrobium, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chlroflexi, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Cetobacterium, Macellibacteroides |
Not Applicable | Disruption of microbiome could act as a pressure in resistance development in the recovered community |
| Oxytetracycline [65] | Zebrafish | Cetobacterium, Aeromonas, Shewanella, Plesiomonas, Enterobacterales | Mesorhizobium, Rhodobacteraceae, Rhizobiaceae, Pseudomonas, Variovorax, Shewanella, Bacteroides, | Up to 1 month after treatment | Post-exposure changes in gut flora were observed |
| Minocycline (oral) [49] | Human | Lactobacillus salivarius, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, and Bifidobacterium breve | Bacteroidetes | Not Applicable | Not Applicable |
| Minocycline (oral) [68] | Human | Lactobacillus spp. | Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus spp. | Almost entirely recovered 3 weeks after treatment |
Enterococcus spp. remained high Several families failed to recover |
| Minocycline (oral) [71] | Rat | Not Applicable |
Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiales Family XIII |
Not Applicable | Antidepressant effects observed depending on traits and sex |
| Minocycline (oral) [72] | Rat | Lactobacillus, Blautia | Lachnospiraceae, Porphyromonadaceae | Not Applicable | Prevented and reversed impairments in spatial recognition memory caused by diet |