Table 5.
The practice of antimicrobial use and resistance among different poultry farmers in Nepal (n = 605).
| S.N. | Variable | Type of Birds n (%) | Total n (%) | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Backyard | Broiler | Layer | ||||
| 1 | What do you mostly do when your birds get sick? | |||||
| Self-treatment | 31 (19.87) | 30 (9.52) | 7 (5.22) | 68 (11.24) | <0.001 | |
| Call para-veterinarian | 45 (28.85) | 57 (18.10) | 18 (13.43) | 120 (19.83) | ||
| Take to veterinary hospitals/clinics | 42 (26.92) | 114 (36.19) | 49 (36.57) | 205 (33.88) | ||
| Call veterinarians | 12 (7.69) | 61 (19.37) | 26 (19.40) | 99 (16.36) | ||
| Go to a local drug seller | 26 (16.67) | 53 (16.83) | 34 (25.37) | 113 (18.68) | ||
| 2 | Do you maintain the withdrawal period before consuming or selling poultry products? | |||||
| No | 133 (85.26) | 263 (83.49) | 86 (64.18) | 482 (79.67) | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 23 (14.74) | 52 (16.51) | 48 (35.82) | 123 (20.33) | ||
| 3 | Do you refer to guidelines or calculate the dose while administering the antimicrobials? | |||||
| No | 57 (36.54) | 27 (8.57) | 12 (8.96) | 96 (15.87) | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 99 (63.46) | 288 (91.43) | 122 (91.04) | 509 (84.13) | ||
| 4 | Do you obtain prescriptions from veterinarians before you buy drugs? | |||||
| No | 81 (51.92) | 78 (24.76) | 17 (12.69) | 176 (29.09) | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 75 (48.08) | 237 (75.24) | 117 (87.31) | 429 (70.91) | ||
| 5 | Do you use separate boots or slippers inside the shed? | |||||
| No | 87 (55.77) | 49 (15.56) | 21 (15.67) | 157 (25.95) | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 69 (44.23) | 266 (84.44) | 113 (84.33) | 448 (74.05) | ||
| 6 | For what purpose do you use antimicrobials most? | |||||
| Treatment | 64 (41.03) | 158 (50.16) | 66 (49.25) | 288 (47.60) | <0.001 * | |
| To increase production | 52 (33.33) | 86 (27.30) | 37 (27.61) | 175 (28.93) | ||
| Both for treatment and production | 23 (14.74) | 71 (22.54) | 29 (21.64) | 123 (20.33) | ||
| I do not use | 17 (10.90) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.49) | 19 (3.14) | ||
| 7 | Do you visit veterinary labs to perform antimicrobial susceptibility tests before using antibiotics on your farm? | |||||
| No | 123 (78.85) | 238 (75.56) | 87 (64.93) | 448 (74.05) | 0.018 | |
| Yes | 33 (21.15) | 77 (24.44) | 47 (35.07) | 157 (25.95) | ||
| 8 | Do you conduct routine vaccinations in your livestock as per the schedule? | |||||
| No | 104 (66.67) | 75 (23.81) | 23 (17.16) | 202 (33.39) | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 52 (33.33) | 240 (76.19) | 111 (82.84) | 403 (66.61) | ||
| 9 | Do you practice spraying and wheel-dipping at your farm? | |||||
| No | 115 (73.72) | 113 (35.87) | 42 (31.34) | 270 (44.63) | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 41 (26.28) | 202 (64.13) | 92 (68.66) | 335 (55.37) | ||
| 10 | When you start using antimicrobials, how long do you continue it? | |||||
| 1–2 days | 13 (8.33) | 10 (3.17) | 1 (0.75) | 24 (3.97) | <0.001 | |
| 3–4 days | 30 (19.23) | 64 (20.32) | 18 (13.43) | 112 (18.51) | ||
| 5–7 days | 20 (12.82) | 88 (27.94) | 76 (56.72) | 184 (30.41) | ||
| I stop medications as soon as the symptoms subside | 71 (45.51) | 96 (30.48) | 29 (21.64) | 196 (32.40) | ||
| As prescribed by the veterinarian | 22 (14.10) | 57 (18.10) | 10 (7.46) | 89 (14.71) | ||
| 11 | Do you keep a record of antimicrobials you used earlier on the farm? | |||||
| No | 110 (70.51) | 167 (53.02) | 58 (43.28) | 335 (55.37) | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 46 (29.49) | 148 (46.98) | 76 (56.72) | 270 (44.63) | ||
| 12 | Do you have (use) a footbath before letting others enter and leave your farm? | |||||
| No | 124 (79.49) | 172 (54.60) | 77 (57.46) | 373 (61.65) | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 32 (20.51) | 143 (45.40) | 57 (42.54) | 232 (38.35) | ||
| 13 | Do you regularly fumigate your farm? | |||||
| No | 131 (83.97) | 254 (80.63) | 79 (58.96) | 464 (76.69) | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 25 (16.03) | 61 (19.37) | 55 (41.04) | 141 (23.31) | ||
| 14 | Do you have fencing around your farm? | |||||
| No | 49 (31.41) | 70 (22.22) | 17 (12.69) | 136 (22.48) | ||
| Yes | 107 (68.59) | 245 (77.78) | 117 (87.31) | 469 (77.52) | 0.001 | |
| 15 | Do you use an apron or separate cloth inside the shed? | |||||
| No | 135 (86.54) | 201 (63.81) | 87 (64.93) | 423 (69.92) | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 21 (13.46) | 114 (36.19) | 47 (35.07) | 182 (30.08) | ||
All the p-values are derived from the chi-squared test except those in asterisk which are derived from Fisher’s exact test. Responses in bold represent correct answers.