Table 1.
General characteristics of the study population according to clusters.
| Total | Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 485 | N = 337 | N = 118 | N = 30 | ||
| Female sex | 287 (59.2%) | 205 (60.8%) | 64 (54.2%) | 18 (60.0%) | 0.453 |
| Age | 87 (83–91) | 86 (82–90) | 89 (84–94) | 88 (84–91) | <0.001 |
| CFS | 6 (4–8) | 6 (4–8) | 7 (4–8) | 7 (6–8) | 0.025 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 100 (20.6%) | 63 (18.7%) | 33 (28%) | 4 (13.3%) | 0.060 |
| Hypertension | 318 (65.6%) | 211 (62.6%) | 90 (76.3%) | 17 (56.7%) | 0.015 |
| Atrial Fibrillation | 130 (26.8%) | 64 (19%) | 52 (44.1%) | 14 (46.7%) | <0.001 |
| Dementia | 168 (34.6%) | 111 (32.9%) | 45 (38.1%) | 12 (40%) | 0.485 |
| Chronic Lung Diseases | 70 (14.4%) | 44 (13.1%) | 22 (18.6%) | 4 (13.3%) | 0.326 |
| Myocardial Infarction | 7 (1.4%) | 2 (0.6%) | 4 (3.4%) | 1 (3.3%) | 0.061 |
| Concurrent Bacterial Infection | 25 (5.2%) | 13 (3.9%) | 8 (6.8%) | 4 (13.3%) | 0.052 |
| Stroke | 33 (6.8%) | 21 (6.2%) | 9 (7.6%) | 3 (10%) | 0.676 |
| Dyslipidemia | 160 (33%) | 114 (33.8%) | 35 (29.7%) | 11 (36.7%) | 0.643 |
| Charlson Index (points) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.032 |
| Lab Parameters | |||||
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 1541 (569–4174) | 830 (376–1627) | 5302.5 (4260–8512) | 29,480.5 (21,250–40,161) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.03 (0.66–1.45) | 1.08 (0.72–1.5) | 0.92 (0.58–1.29) | 0.91 (0.57–1.2) | 0.008 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 69 (45–84) | 79 (56–86) | 47 (30–74) | 33.5 (18–49) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophil count (n/microl) | 6.14 (4.35–9.4) | 5.92 (4.28–8.67) | 6.665 (4.53–10.61) | 6.88 (4.56–11.31) | 0.095 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 3.65 (1.31–8.44) | 3.06 (1.17–7.54) | 4.31 (1.89–10.01) | 6.66 (2.19–13.07) | 0.003 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 135.5 ± 21.5 | 136.9 ± 20.5 | 134.9 ± 22.7 | 122.2 ± 24.5 | 0.203 |
| End-points | |||||
| Length of stay (days) | 14 (9–22) | 14 (9–22) | 13.5 (9–21) | 10.5 (5–25) | 0.437 |
| In-hospital mortality | 138 (28.5%) | 71 (21.1%) | 48 (40.7%) | 19 (63.3%) | <0.001 |
Bold indicates significance. Dyslipidemia, hypertension, chronic lung diseases, and diabetes mellitus were defined according to individual medical history and/or respective treatments taken at home. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dementia, dyslipidemia, and concurrent bacterial infection are referred to as presence on admission. Atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, and stroke are referred to as previous events in the history of the patient. CFS: clinical frailty scale; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; BP: blood pressure.