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. 2023 Aug 23;11(9):2362. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11092362

Table 2.

Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and phosphocalcium abnormalities in post-COVID-19 patients.

Study Study Design Patients (n) Age (Mean ± SD) COVID-19 Severity Phosphocalcium Findings Country Affected Organs/Systems
Saponaro F et al. [58] Case series 93 68 ± 16 years Mild Hypovitaminosis D: 65% Italy Lungs
Luigi di F et al. [5] Case series 78 48.5–64.5 years Severe Hypovitaminosis D: 67.9%
Hypocalcemia: 70.5%
Italy Parathyroid
Singh S et al. [59] Retrospective 360 35.63 years Mild Hypovitaminosis D: 16% India Lungs
Mohammed A et al. [60] Cross-sectional study 124 50 years Severe Hypovitaminosis D: 97.6% Egypt Lungs
Manojlovic M et al. [61] Retrospective 74 57.64 ± 17.83 years Severe Hypovitaminosis D: 44.6%
Vitamin D insufficiency: 8.1%
Serbia Heart
Mazziotti G et al. [62] Case series 348 26.0–95.0 years Mild Hypovitaminosis D: 46.3% Italy Parathyroid
D’Alessandro A et al. [63] Multicenter study 163 65 ± 13 years Severe Hypovitaminosis D: 82% Italy Lungs
Rimesh P et al. [26] Retrospective case 72 37.5 ± 13.7 years Mild Hypovitaminosis D: 97%
Hypocalcemia: 67%
India Bones
Rizaldy P et al. [64] Case series 10 49.6 years Mild Hypovitaminosis D: 90% Indonesia Heart
Carpagnano G et al. [65] Retrospective 42 65 ± 13 years Severe Hypovitaminosis D: 81% Italy Lungs
Thiago J et al. [66] Cross-sectional 176 72.9 ± 9.1 years Severe Hypovitaminosis D: 93.8% Brazil Heart
Nascimento R et al. [67] Cross-sectional 1478 35.2 years Mild Hypovitaminosis D: 18.2% Brazil Heart
Entrenas C et al. [68] Clinical trial 76 53 ± 10 years Mild Hypovitaminosis D Spain Lungs
Shah K et al. [69] Meta-analysis 532 N/A Mild Hypovitaminosis D India Lungs
Rastogi et al. [70] Randomized, placebo-controlled 40 50 years Mild Hypovitaminosis D India Heart
De Niet et al. [71] Placebo-controlled trial 50 63.24 ± 14.46 years Mild Hypovitaminosis D Belgium Kidney