Table 2.
Study | Study Design | Patients (n) | Age (Mean ± SD) | COVID-19 Severity | Phosphocalcium Findings | Country | Affected Organs/Systems |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saponaro F et al. [58] | Case series | 93 | 68 ± 16 years | Mild | Hypovitaminosis D: 65% | Italy | Lungs |
Luigi di F et al. [5] | Case series | 78 | 48.5–64.5 years | Severe | Hypovitaminosis D: 67.9% Hypocalcemia: 70.5% |
Italy | Parathyroid |
Singh S et al. [59] | Retrospective | 360 | 35.63 years | Mild | Hypovitaminosis D: 16% | India | Lungs |
Mohammed A et al. [60] | Cross-sectional study | 124 | 50 years | Severe | Hypovitaminosis D: 97.6% | Egypt | Lungs |
Manojlovic M et al. [61] | Retrospective | 74 | 57.64 ± 17.83 years | Severe | Hypovitaminosis D: 44.6% Vitamin D insufficiency: 8.1% |
Serbia | Heart |
Mazziotti G et al. [62] | Case series | 348 | 26.0–95.0 years | Mild | Hypovitaminosis D: 46.3% | Italy | Parathyroid |
D’Alessandro A et al. [63] | Multicenter study | 163 | 65 ± 13 years | Severe | Hypovitaminosis D: 82% | Italy | Lungs |
Rimesh P et al. [26] | Retrospective case | 72 | 37.5 ± 13.7 years | Mild | Hypovitaminosis D: 97% Hypocalcemia: 67% |
India | Bones |
Rizaldy P et al. [64] | Case series | 10 | 49.6 years | Mild | Hypovitaminosis D: 90% | Indonesia | Heart |
Carpagnano G et al. [65] | Retrospective | 42 | 65 ± 13 years | Severe | Hypovitaminosis D: 81% | Italy | Lungs |
Thiago J et al. [66] | Cross-sectional | 176 | 72.9 ± 9.1 years | Severe | Hypovitaminosis D: 93.8% | Brazil | Heart |
Nascimento R et al. [67] | Cross-sectional | 1478 | 35.2 years | Mild | Hypovitaminosis D: 18.2% | Brazil | Heart |
Entrenas C et al. [68] | Clinical trial | 76 | 53 ± 10 years | Mild | Hypovitaminosis D | Spain | Lungs |
Shah K et al. [69] | Meta-analysis | 532 | N/A | Mild | Hypovitaminosis D | India | Lungs |
Rastogi et al. [70] | Randomized, placebo-controlled | 40 | 50 years | Mild | Hypovitaminosis D | India | Heart |
De Niet et al. [71] | Placebo-controlled trial | 50 | 63.24 ± 14.46 years | Mild | Hypovitaminosis D | Belgium | Kidney |