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. 2023 Sep 13;12(9):1760. doi: 10.3390/antiox12091760

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Antioxidant protective pathways involved in counteracting reperfusion injury. Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT: protein kinase B; ARE: antioxidant response elements; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; CAT: catalase; factor-alpha; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappaB; Ca²⁺: calcium; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; NADPH oxidase: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; GPX: glutathione peroxidase; HMT1: type 1 arginine methyltransferase; TfR1: transferrin receptor protein 1.