. 2023 Aug 25;10(9):1010. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering10091010

Table 1.

Depiction of the nano-based fertilizers used for various pulse, cereal, and millet crops.

	Common Names	Scientific Names	Commercial Name of the Final Product	Microbes or Biomolecules	Nanocomposite	Stress Conditions	Mode of Application	Impact on Plant	Reference
Pulse Crops	1. Chickpea	Cicer arietinum	-	pluramin amino acid	Iron + zinc nano-fertilizers	Normal	Seed	Increase in pod numbers, grain yield, and biomass	[147]
	2. Soyabean	Glycine max	ZnONP	Rhizobium japoniscum	Zn²⁺	Normal	Seed	Increase in seed yield	[148]
	3. Mungbean	Vigna radiata	As-ZnO NPs	Azospirillum	Zn²⁺	Normal	Seed	Increase in seed germination rate and leaf area index	[149]
	4. Urdbean	V. mungo	IFFCO nano fertilizer	-	Nano-Zn and Nano-Cu	Normal	Seed	Increase in grain yield	[146]
	5. Dry bean	Phaseolus vulgaris	MN-NPs	-	ZnO, MnO₂ and MoO₃	Normal	Seed	Improvement in vegetative yield, flower number, and yield	[150]
	6. Lentil	Lens culinaris	MgO-NPs	-	MgO	Normal	Seed	Improvement in protein content	[151]
	7. Pigeonpea	Cajanus cajan	CuO-NP	-	CuO	Normal	Soil	Increase in total yield	[152]
	8. Cowpea	Vigna unguiculata	-	Burkholderia seminalis	nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) particles	Normal	Seed	Growth of endophytic root nodules	[100]
	9. Dry broad beans	Vicia faba	FeNPs	-	Fe	Normal	Seed	Increase in the production of growth-promoting phytohormones and photosynthetic pigments	[153]
	10. Dry peas	Pisum sativum	FA–APP @ ZnO	fulvic acid (FA) and ammonium phosphate	ZnO nanorods	Normal	Seed	Induced stronger roots, and increase in yield	[154]
	11. Peanut beans	Arachis hypogaea	-	-	nano-zeolite phosphorus	Normal	Seed	Increased yield of pods, and oil content	[155]
	12. Vetches	Vicia sativa	-	-	CuONPs, ZnONPs, MgHNPs, and MgONPs	Normal	Seed	Increased the number of bean pods	[156]
	13. Lupins	Lupinus mutabilis	-	-	ZnO_MnO-NPs	Normal	Seed	Increase in root size and photosynthetic pigments	[157]
Cereal crops	1. Wheat	Triticum aestivum	ZnO	-	zinc nitrate	Oxidative stress	Seed	Increase in catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase	[158]
	2. Barley	Hordeum vulgare	-	Acinetobacter baumannii	Nano phosphozink	Normal	Foliar spray	Improvement in the yield of Barley	[159]
	3. Oats	Avena sativa	-	-	Nano copper	Normal	Seed	Increase in the yield of oats	[160]
	4. Rye	Secale cereale	Nagro	-	Nagro	Normal	Seed	Improvement in the phytohormones	[161]
	5. Triticale	Triticosecale	-	Azotobacter crocococcus, Azospirillium methylpofrom, and Pseudomonas putida	Nano Fe	Normal	Seed	Increase in yield and photosynthetic pigments	[162]
	6. Maize	Zea mays	ZnO	-	ZnO	Normal	Seed	Improvement in growth, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidant in maize	[163]
	7. Rice	Oryza sativa	-	-	nano-N (nN), nano-P (nP), nano-K (nK), and nano-NPK (nNPK)	Normal	Seed	Grain quality enhanced	[164]
Millets	1. Sorghum	Sorghum bicolor (L.)	-	Azotobacter	Nano-fertilizer	Normal	Foliar spray	Increased chlorophyll content, carotenoid	[13]
	2. Pearl Millet	Pennisetum glaucum	-	-	Zn and Ag Nanoparticles	Normal	Foliar spray	Caused toxicity and oxidative stress	[146]
	3. Finger Millet	Eleusine coracana	IFFCO nano urea	-	nano urea	Normal	Foliar spray	Overcame deficiency of nitrogen in the soil	[165]
	4. Foxtail Millet	Setaria italica	-	-	ZnO NPs	Normal	Foliar spray	Improved grain nutritional properties	[166]
	5. Kodo Millet	Paspalum scrobiculatum	-	-	Fe₂SO₄	Normal	Foliar spray	Increase in the grain weight and grain yield	[167]