Table 2.

Comparison of characteristics between non-toxigenic and toxigenic Clostridium difficile.

	Non-Toxigenic (n = 46)	Toxigenic (n = 107)	p-Value
Age ≥ 65 y	23 (50.0)	68 (63.6)	0.117
Hospital stays, days, median (IQR)	7.5 (1.0–20.5)	7.5 (1.0–25.3)	0.562
ICU	9 (19.6)	12 (11.2)	0.169
Male sex	24 (52.2)	53 (49.5)	0.764
Category of infection
Community onset	9 (19.6)	5 (4.7)	0.006
Community-onset healthcare facility associated	8 (17.4)	32 (29.9)	0.106
Hospital onset	29 (63.0)	70 (65.4)	0.778
Underlying disease
Diabetes	16 (34.8)	19 (17.8)	0.022
Cerebrovascular disease	14 (30.4)	44 (41.1)	0.212
Cardiovascular disease	6 (13.0)	21 (19.6)	0.327
Chronic lung disease	5 (10.9)	9 (8.4)	0.760
Liver cirrhosis	2 (4.3)	3 (2.8)	0.637
Chronic renal disease without dialysis	8 (17.4)	12 (11.2)	0.299
Dialysis	4 (8.7)	7 (6.5)	0.735
Solid tumour	8 (17.4)	22 (20.6)	0.651
Solid organ transplantation	1 (2.2)	2 (1.9)	0.661
Charlson’s score, median (IQR)	2 (0–4)	2 (1–5)	0.175
Previous medical history within 1 month
Operation	11 (23.9)	25 (23.4)	0.942
Immunosuppression	5 (10.9)	11 (10.3)	0.559
Antibiotic exposure	36 (78.3)	96 (90.6)	0.039
Extended spectrum cephalosporin	9 (20.5)	27 (26.5)	0.439
Quinolone	8 (18.2)	26 (25.5)	0.338
β-lactam/β-lactamases	8 (18.2)	20 (19.6)	0.841
Carbapenem	11 (25.0)	29 (28.4)	0.670
Glycopeptide	8 (18.2)	6 (5.9)	0.031
Gastrointestinal medication use at diagnosis
PPI	10 (21.7)	43 (40.6)	0.025
H2 receptor antagonist	16 (34.8)	35 (33.0)	0.832
Probiotics	6 (13.0)	19 (17.9)	0.456
Concurrent systemic infection	27 (58.7)	51 (47.7)	0.211
Antibiotics use at the time of diagnosis	27 (58.7)	65 (60.7)	0.812

IQR—interquartile range; ICU—intensive care unit; PPI—proton pump inhibitor; Data are n (%) unless otherwise stated.