Table 3.
Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses for independent predictors of non-toxigenic C. difficile among patients with diarrhoea.
| OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) a | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age ≥ 65 y | 0.57 (0.29–1.15) | 0.119 | ||
| * Hospital stays | 1.02 (0.76–1.36) | 0.903 | ||
| ICU | 1.93 (0.75–4.95) | 0.174 | ||
| Male sex | 1.11 (0.56–2.22) | 0.765 | ||
| Category of infection | ||||
| Community onset | 4.96 (1.56–15.77) | 0.007 | 4.13 (1.07–15.97) | 0.040 |
| Community-onset healthcare facility associated | 0.49 (0.21–1.18) | 0.110 | ||
| Hospital onset | 0.90 (0.44–1.85) | 0.778 | ||
| Underlying disease | ||||
| Diabetes | 2.47 (1.13–5.41) | 0.024 | 3.64 (1.46–9.25) | 0.006 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 0.63 (0.30–1.31) | 0.213 | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.61 (0.23–1.64) | 0.331 | ||
| Chronic lung disease | 1.33 (0.42–4.20) | 0.630 | ||
| Liver cirrhosis | 1.58 (0.25–9.76) | 0.625 | ||
| Chronic renal disease without dialysis | 1.67 (0.63–4.40) | 0.302 | ||
| Dialysis | 1.36 (0.38–4.90) | 0.637 | ||
| Solid tumour | 0.81 (0.33–1.99) | 0.651 | ||
| Solid organ transplantation | 1.17 (0.10–13.20) | 0.901 | ||
| Charlson’s score * | 0.76 (0.42–1.35) | 0.347 | ||
| Previous medical history within 1 month | ||||
| Operation | 1.03 (0.46–2.32) | 0.942 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 1.06 (0.35–3.26) | 0.913 | ||
| Antibiotic exposure | 0.38 (0.14–0.98) | 0.044 | ||
| Extended spectrum cephalosporin | 0.71 (0.30–1.68) | 0.440 | ||
| Quinolone | 0.65 (0.27–1.58) | 0.340 | ||
| β-lactam/β-lactamases | 0.91 (0.37–2.26) | 0.841 | ||
| Carbapenem | 0.84 (0.38–1.88) | 0.670 | ||
| Glycopeptide | 3.56 (1.15–10.96) | 0.027 | 4.75 (1.37–16.42) | 0.014 |
| Gastrointestinal medication use at diagnosis | ||||
| No PPI | 0.41 (0.18–0.91) | 0.028 | 0.28 (0.11–0.72) | 0.009 |
| H2 receptor antagonist | 1.08 (0.52–2.24) | 0.832 | ||
| Probiotics | 0.69 (0.26–1.85) | 0.458 | ||
| Concurrent systemic infection | 1.56 (0.78–3.14) | 0.212 | ||
| Antibiotics use at the time of diagnosis | 0.92 (0.45–1.86) | 0.812 |
OR—odds ratio; CI—confidence interval; IQR—interquartile range; ICU—intensive care unit; PPI—proton pump inhibitor; * Log-transformation of the data is applied. a Variables with a p-value < 0.05 in the univariate analyses are included in the subsequent multivariate regression model. Hosmer–Lemeshow test, χ2 = 3.263, p = 0.917.