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Effect of HGSL DHLs on MAPK signaling pathways. RAW264.7 cells were pretreated with DH005, DH014, DH026, or the pak choi extract for 1 h and stimulated with LPS (10 ng/mL) for 1 h. Phosphorylation levels of JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK were detected using Western blotting and normalized to total JNK and p38 MAPK, respectively. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM with statistical significance indicated as * p < 0.05 compared to the LPS-only treated group.
