Table 1.
Recent worldwide data on primary antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori in pediatric populations over the past few years.
| First Author, Year | Region | Period | N | AMO (%) | CLA (%) | LEV (%) | MET (%) | TET (%) | RIF (%) |
CLA-MET (%) | CLA-LEV (%) | CLA-MET-LEV (%) | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Miendje Deyi et al., 2023 | Belgium | January–December 2021 | 72 | 0 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 43.1 | 0 | - | 8.3 | 1.4 | 1.4 | *1 |
| Le Thi et al., 2022 | Europe | 2017–2020 | 651 | 1 | 25 | 5.4 | 17.7 | 8.5 | 3.8 | ||||
| Geng et al., 2022 | China (Chongqing) | March–July 2020 | 112 | 0 | 47.3 | 18.8 | 88.4 | 0 | - | 30.4 | 1.8 | 10.7 | |
| Shu et al., 2022 | China (Southeast) | March 2015–December 2020 | 1638 | 0 | 32.8 | 22.8 | 81.7 | 0 | - | 16.4 | 1.8 | 9% | *2 |
| Helmbold et al., 2022 | Germany | October 2015–July 2019 | 51 | 20 | 45 | 31 | 59 | 12 | 22 | 22.4 | - | - | |
| Su et al., 2022 | Taiwan | January 2009–August 2019 | 70 | 2 | 23.1 | 8.2 | 20 | - | - | - | - | ||
| Li et al., 2021 | China (Southwest) | 2019 | 53 | 0 | 45.3 | 15.1 | 73.6 | 0 | 60.4 | 28.3 (including CLA-MET RIF) | - | 9.4 (+Rif) | *3 |
| Van Thieu et al., 2021 | Vietnam | November 2019–June 2020 | 76 | 50 | 92.1 | 31.6 | 14.5 | 0 | - | 13.2 | *4 | ||
| Krzyzek et al., 2020 | Poland | 2016–2018 | 22 | 0 | 54.5 | 9.1 | 31.8 | 4.5 | - | 27.3 | 4.5 | 4.5 | *5 |
| Guven et al., 2019 | Turkey | December 2016–April 2018 | 93 | - | 27 | 15 | - | - | - | *6 |
AMO: amoxicillin; CLA: clarithromycin; LEV: levofloxacin; MET: metronidazole; TET: tetracycline; RIF: rifampicin; *1: lower overall resistance compared to adults; *2: MET-LEV:10.8%; *3: MET-LEV:10.8%; *4: AST method not detailed, and the authors fail to explain the remarkably high AMO resistance rate; *5: higher CLA resistance compared to adults; *6: concordance histology and PCR 94%.