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Biological effects of NAC. Abbreviations: COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2, GSH: glutathione, H2O2: hydrogen peroxide, HOX: hypohalous acids, ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1, IL: interleukin, MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, MMP: matrix metalloproteinase, NAC: N-acetylcysteine, NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B, NO2: nitrogen dioxide, Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2, α-SMA: alpha-smooth muscle actin, TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha.
