Table 1.

Effects of adipokines on pancreatic beta cells and insulin secretion.

Adipokine	Effect		References
Adiponectin	Insulin secretion	↑	[69,70,71,72,73]
	Beta cell proliferation	↑	[53,88]
	Beta cell apoptosis	↓	[75,76,77,82]
Adipsin	Insulin secretion	↑	[118]
	Beta cell apoptosis	↓	[119]
	Beta cell dedifferentiation	↓	[119]
Apelin	Insulin secretion	↓/↑	[95,97]
	Beta cell proliferation	↑	[97]
Chemerin	Insulin secretion	↑	[127]
	Beta cell proliferation	↑	[128]
FGF21	Insulin secretion	↑	[136]
	Insulin sensitivity	↑	[133]
	Beta cell regeneration	↑	[137]
GDF15	Insulin secretion	↑	[142]
	Insulin resistance	↓	[143,144]
Leptin	Insulin secretion	↓	[34,35,37,38,39,40,43,45]
	Beta cell proliferation	↓	[53]
	Beta cell apoptosis	↓/↑	[46,47,48,49]
Lipocalin-2	Insulin secretion	↑	[124]
	Beta cell proliferation	↑	[124]
Resistin	Insulin secretion	↓	[104]
	Beta cell apoptosis	↑	[103]
TNF-α	Insulin secretion	↓	[148,149]
	Insulin resistance	↑	[145,146,147,150,151]
Visfatin	Insulin secretion	↑	[107,109,111,112]
	Beta cell proliferation	↑	[110]
	Beta cell apoptosis	↓	[110]