Table 2.

Studies involving IL-21 in the GB.

Cancer Type	Therapeutic Target	Conclusions	Reference
Glioblastoma	Use of a vaccinia virus to treat a mouse model of GBM by releasing IL-21.	Treatment in combination with checkpoint inhibitors has significantly improved the condition of the GB.	[106]
Glioblastoma	NK expansion and increase with K562 cells expressing the ligand OX40 and IL-18 and IL-21.	It shows the limited therapeutic potential of therapy with irinotecan and bevacizumab to treat GB.	[107]
Glioblastoma (also other types)	Evaluation with two different methods to evaluate circulating cytokines in patients with GB.	Double analysis of serum levels of different ILs via LMX and MSD.	[108]
Glioblastoma	Enhance the immunological activity of mesothelin through the following gamma chain cytokines: IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21.	The immunological importance of mesothelin via IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21.	[109]
Glioblastoma	T cell stimulation via a cocktail of ILs: IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21.	The presence of NY-ESO-1 or survivin in GB is a valuable target for cancer-directed T cells.	[110]
Glioblastoma	Genetically engineered macrophages capable of promoting the activation of other cells via IL-21.	Genetically engineered macrophages are an ideal cell for remodeling the tumor microenvironment and enhancing antitumor immunity.	[111]
Glioblastoma	CD8+ T cell stimulation with three different ILs, including IL-21.	Use in immunotherapy of multifunctional T cells to counteract different malignancies.	[112]
Glioblastoma	A particular type of T cells, Vγ9Vδ2, stimulated with IL-21.	T cells Vγ9Vδ2 stimulated with IL-21 significantly eliminated GB cells.	[113]
Glioblastoma (also other types)	Exploit the modified IL-21 gene or recombined IL-21 for immunotherapy.	Local treatment of IL-21 may be appropriate to treat GB.	[114]
Glioblastoma	The study of the patterns of some cytokines with the survivin.	The relationship between some serum cytokines and lymphocytes with survivin97-111 is deepened to predict the survival of patients with GB.	[115]