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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: AIDS. 2023 Jun 6;37(11):1725–1737. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000003617

Table 4.

Correlates of any quantifiable TFV-DP exposure at follow-up visits among women who initiated PrEP during pregnancy (n=524)

n (%) Univariate Poisson models
 Multivariate Poisson models
N Quantifiable TFV-DP exposure
Risk Ratio (95% CI) p-value 1 Adj Risk Ratio (95% CI) p-value 1
Demographic characteristics No (N=311) Yes (n=213)
Study arm 524
Universal PrEP offer 282 181 (58.2) 101 (47.4) 0.77 (0.46–1.30) 0.334
Targeted PrEP offer 242 130 (41.8) 112 (52.6) ref
Age category (years) 524
<24 189 127 (40.8) 62 (29.1) 0.73 (0.57–0.93) 0.010 0.82 (0.62–1.07) 0.1464
≥24 335 184 (59.2) 151 (70.9) ref ref
Currently married 522
Yes 478 281 (90.9) 197 (92.5) 1.13 (0.59–2.19) 0.709
No 44 28 (9.1) 16 (7.5) ref
Education (years) 513
<12 379 213 (70.5) 166 (78.7) 1.30 (0.92–1.84) 0.133
≥12 134 89 (29.5) 45 (21.3) ref
Regular employment 522
Yes 83 53 (17.2) 30 (14.1) 0.87 (0.57–1.32) 0.508
No 439 256 (82.9) 183 (85.9) ref
2+ people per room 522
Yes 313 179 (57.9) 134 (62.9) 1.13 (0.87–1.47) 0.352
No 209 130 (42.1) 79 (37.1) ref
Primigravida 524
Yes 69 53 (17.0) 16 (7.5) 0.54 (0.33–0.87) 0.013 0.77 (0.46–1.32) 0.3435
No 455 258 (83.0) 197 (92.5) ref ref
Visit timing 524
Pregnant 280 133 (42.8) 147 (69.0)
Postpartum 244 178 (57.2) 66 (31.0) 1.94 (1.40–2.69) <0.001 1.87 (1.38–2.53) <0.001 7
Risk assessment chacteristics
No. of lifetime sexual partners >2 524
Yes 313 187 (60.1) 126 (59.2) 0.98 (0.80–1.19) 0.813
No 211 124 (39.9) 87 (40.9) ref
HIV status of primary sexual partner(s) among women with partners 519
Positive 104 35 (11.3) 69 (33.2) 2.25 (1.49–3.40) <0.001 2.03 (1.33–3.09) 0.001 6
Negative 210 148 (47.6) 62 (29.8) ref ref
Unknown 205 128 (41.2) 77 (37.0) 1.27 (0.84–1.92) 0.252 1.30 (0.88–1.91) 0.1916
Partner on ART if HIV-positive 104
Yes 100 35 (100.0) 65 (94.2) 0.65 (0.51–0.83) 0.001
No 4 0 (0.0) 4 (5.8) ref
Syphilis results (RPR, HIV/Syphilis dual) 524
Positive 13 8 (2.6) 5 (2.4) 0.94 (0.57–1.56) 0.824
Negative 511 303 (97.4) 208 (97.7) ref
Forced sex in the last 6 months: 524
Yes 35 21 (6.8) 14 (6.6) 0.98 (0.54–1.81) 0.956
No 489 290 (93.3) 199 (93.4) ref
High HIV risk score 9 524
Yes 330 177 (56.9) 153 (71.8) 1.50 (0.98–2.29) 0.060
No 194 134 (43.1) 60 (28.2) ref
HITS score ≥ 10 524
Yes 91 41 (13.2) 50 (23.5) 1.46 (1.06–2.01) 0.020 1.35 (0.99–1.83) 0.0597
No 433 270 (86.8) 163 (76.5) ref ref
Psychosocial factors
Heard of PrEP before 524
Yes 240 125 (40.2) 115 (54.0) 1.39 (1.06–1.82) 0.016 1.26 (0.92–1.72) 0.1567
No 284 186 (59.8) 98 (46.0) ref ref
Know someone on PrEP 524
Yes 58 28 (9.0) 30 (14.1) 1.31 (0.92–1.89) 0.137
No 466 283 (91.0) 183 (85.9) ref
High perceived HIV risk 2 520
Yes 125 58 (18.7) 67 (31.9) 1.48 (1.06–2.07) 0.022 1.34 (1.02–1.77) 0.033 7
No 395 252 (81.3) 143 (68.1) ref ref
High self-efficacy to take daily pill3 504
Yes 480 285 (96.3) 195 (93.4) 0.75 (0.40–1.41_ 0.371
No 24 11 (3.7) 13 (6.3) ref
PrEP and HIV self-test outcomes
Ever experienced PrEP side effects 511
Yes 174 122 (40.7) 52 (24.6) 0.63 (0.42–0.95) 0.028 0.68 (0.47–0.99) 0.042 7
No 337 178 (59.3) 159 (75.4) ref ref
Ever accepted HIV self-tests 242
Yes 176 107 (82.3) 69 (61.6) 0.60 (0.48–0.76) <0.001 1.13 (0.78–1.64) 0.5237
No 66 23 (17.7) 43 (38.4) ref ref
Partner ever used HIV self-tests 204
Yes 129 87 (76.3) 42 (46.7) 0.51 (0.35–0.75) 0.001 0.80 (0.54–1.17) 0.2507
No 75 27 (23.7) 48 (53.3) ref ref
No missed PrEP pill last 30 days 8 524
Yes 254 122 (39.2) 132 (62.0) 1.73 (1.33–2.25) <0.001 1.48 (1.03–2.12) 0.035 7
No 270 189 (60.8) 81 (38.0) ref ref
1

Poisson regression clustered on site, relative risk of persisted PrEP

2

Self-perceived HIV risk assessed by asking “What is your gut feeling about how likely you are to get infected with HIV?”, with possible responses of “extremely likely”, “very likely”, “somewhat likely”, “very unlikely”, “extremely unlikely”. (High self-perceived HIV risk: Extremely likely/Very likely = “Yes”, Somewhat likely/very unlikely/extremely unlikely = “No”).

3

Self-efficacy to take a daily oral medication assessed by asking participants to rank on a 0–10 scale (0=Cannot do it at all, 10=Completely certain can do it) their response to the question: “How confident are you that you can integrate a daily medication into your daily routine? (High self-efficacy to take daily medication: >=5)

4

Adjusted for primigravida (yes/no), education (<12 vs. >=12 years), and partner HIV status

5

Adjusted for age (continuous), education (<12 vs. >=12 years), and partner HIV status

6

Adjusted for age (continuous), primigravida (yes/no), and education (<12 vs. >=12 years)

7

Adjusted for age (continuous), primigravida (yes/no), education (<12 vs. >=12 years) and partner HIV status

8

Based on self-report

9

HIV risk score ≥6 (translating to HIV incidence 7.3 per 100 person-years) 31