Table 3:
Baseline characteristics of randomly recruited participants for patient-level outcomes (N=1345)
| Characteristic | Total | Study Allocation | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SOC (N=449) | ECHO-COD (N=448) | ECHO-COD + P4P (N=448) | |||
| Age in years, Mean (SD) | 40.7 (7.6) | 39.2 (7.1) | 42.5 (7.9) | 40.5 (7.3) | <0.001 |
| Male, N (%) | 1108 (82.4%) | 381 (84.9%) | 354 (79.0%) | 373 (83.3%) | 0.060 |
| Married, N (%) | 555 (41.3%) | 182 (40.5%) | 174 (38.3%) | 199 (44.4%) | 0.220 |
| Employed, N (%) | 874 (65.0%) | 331 (73.7%) | 261 (58.3%) | 282 (62.9%) | <0.001 |
| Below secondary education, N (%)a | 147 (10.9%) | 53 (11.8%) | 41 (9.2%) | 53 (11.8%) | 0.336 |
| Stably housed, N (%)b | 1178 (87.6%) | 377 (84.0%) | 400 (89.3%) | 401 (89.5%) | 0.017 |
| History of prior incarceration | 606 (45.1%) | 176 (39.2%) | 247 (55.1%) | 183 (40.8%) | <0.001 |
| Time on OAT < 3 months, N (%)c | 41 (3.0%) | 24 (5.3%) | 10 (2.2%) | 7 (1.6%) | 0.002 |
| HIV-positive | 483 (35.9%) | 131 (29.2%) | 208 (46.4%) | 144 (32.1%) | <0.001 |
| BASIS-24 Subscale scores | |||||
| Depression/Functioning, Mean (SD)d | 1.6 (0.6) | 1.5 (0.5) | 1.7 (0.6) | 1.5 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| Psychotic symptoms, Mean (SD)d | 0.6 (0.6) | 0.6 (0.6) | 0.7 (0.6) | 0.5 (0.6) | 0.002 |
| Interpersonal problems, Mean (SD)d | 2.4 (0.7) | 2.4 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.7) | 0.052 |
| Emotional liability, Mean (SD)d | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Self-harm, Mean (SD)d | 0.5 (0.7) | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.040 |
| Substance use, Mean (SD)d | 1.1 (1.0) | 1.1 (0.9) | 1.2 (1.0) | 1.1 (1.0) | 0.120 |
| Alcohol use disorder (AUDIT-C screening), N (%) | 179 (13.3%) | 38 (8.5%) | 77 (17.2%) | 64 (14.3%) | 0.001 |
| Any injection drug use in the last 30 days, N (%) | 272 (20.2%) | 73 (16.3%) | 96 (21.4%) | 103 (23.0%) | 0.032 |
a
Less than 12 years of secondary school
b
Stable housing: owned, rented or family-owned housing and high level of confidence of being able to stay in this housing next month
c
Time in OAT ever, not necessarily during the most recent treatment episode
d
Dimensions of the BASIS-24 questionnaire, each dimension is measured on a 0–4 scale, where 0 represents the absence of a problem and 4 represents the most severe problem.
Abbreviations: PWID People Who Inject Drugs, OAT Opioid Agonist Treatment, SOC Standard of Care, ECHO-COD Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes® modified for Co-occurring Disorders, P4P Pay for Performance, SD standard deviation.