Table 1.
Baseline participant characteristicsa
| Characteristic | All participants (N=186) | Exercise training type | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ST (N=63) | AER (N=58) | COMB (N=65) | |||
| Age, median (IQR) | 59 (53, 66) | 60 (53, 66) | 59 (54, 65) | 59 (52, 68) | |
| Male, n (%) | 112 (60) | 35 (56) | 33 (57) | 44 (68) | |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%)a | |||||
| White | 17 (9) | 5 (8) | 7 (12) | 5 (8) | |
| Asian | 155 (83) | 52 (83) | 47 (81) | 56 (86) | |
| Black | 5 (3) | 1 (2) | 2 (3) | 2 (3) | |
| Hispanic | 3 (2) | 1 (2) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 6 (3) | 4 (6) | 0 (0) | 2 (3) | |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher, n (%) | 147 (79) | 50 (79) | 43 (74) | 54 (83) | |
| Smoking history, n (%) | |||||
| Current | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | |
| Former | 29 (16) | 10 (16) | 9 (16) | 10 (15) | |
| Glucose-lowering medication, n (%) | |||||
| Any | 157 (84) | 60 (95) | 48 (83) | 49 (75) | |
| Biguanide | 154 (83) | 60 (95) | 46 (79) | 48 (74) | |
| Sulfonylurea | 61 (33) | 26 (41) | 18 (31) | 17 (26) | |
| Other | 33 (18) | 11 (17) | 10 (17) | 12 (18) | |
| Diabetes factors, mean (SD) | |||||
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 59.6 (13.1) | 59.6 (14.2) | 59.6 (13.1) | 59.6 (13.1) | |
| HbA1c, % | 7.6 (1.2) | 7.6 (1.3) | 7.6 (1.2) | 7.6 (1.2) | |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 9.8 (6.8) | 10.0 (7.4) | 9.7 (6.8) | 9.8 (6.4) | |
| Anthropometrics | |||||
| Weight, mean (SD), kg | 67.9 (11.8) | 71.2 (17.6) | 69.6 (11.2) | 66.6 (8.2) | |
| BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 23.7 (22.6, 24.6) | 23.5 (22.6, 24.4) | 23.6 (22.2, 24.7) | 23.8 (22.9, 24.7) | |
| Lean mass, mean (SD), kg | 42.8 (7.5) | 42.2 (7.5) | 42.2 (8.2) | 44.0 (6.9) | |
| Fat mass, mean (SD), kg | 21.8 (4.0) | 21.4 (4.1) | 22.3 (3.5) | 21.6 (4.3) | |
| ALMI-Z, mean (SD) | −1.28 (0.77) | −1.26 (0.80) | −1.33 (0.75) | −1.24 (0.76) | |
| FMI-Z, mean (SD) | −0.62 (0.54) | −0.66 (0.52) | −0.60 (0.53) | −0.60 (0.59) | |
| ALMI-Z relative to FMI-Z (SD) | −1.11 (1.19) | −1.03 (1.21) | −1.21 (1.20) | −1.08 (1.19) | |
| Strength extension, mean (SD), N·m | 77.3 (30.0) | 75.7 (33.6) | 77.4 (29.6) | 79.1 (26.5) | |
| Strength flexion, mean (SD), N·m | 34.5 (15.5) | 34.5 (15.7) | 33.9 (15.5) | 34.9 (15.4) | |
| Blood pressure, mean (SD), mmHg | |||||
| Systolic | 132.5 (16.3) | 132.2 (16.1) | 133.0 (18.1) | 132.2 (14.9) | |
| Diastolic | 78.6 (9.7) | 79.4 (10.7) | 78.7 (9.6) | 77.8 (8.7) | |
| Other medication use, n (%) | |||||
| Blood pressure | 107 (58) | 44 (70) | 34 (59) | 29 (45) | |
| Dyslipidaemia | 123 (66) | 41 (65) | 38 (66) | 44 (68) | |
| Antidepressant | 7 (4) | 2 (3) | 4 (7) | 1 (2) | |
Sex, age and race/ethnicity-specific Z scores were used to calculate ALMI and FMI
a
Percentages may not sum to 100% because of rounding