Table 3.
Within- and Between-Person Associations Between Acute Stress Severity and Physiological Responses.
| SBP | SBP | DBP | DBP | HR | HR | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N participants | 12,670 | 12,509 | 12,670 | 12,509 | 18,809 | 18,490 | ||||||
| N observations | 41,427 | 41,019 | 41,427 | 41,019 | 65,348 | 64,454 | ||||||
| Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | |
| Fixed effects | ||||||||||||
| Intercept | 127.95*** | 0.27 | 127.67*** | 0.28 | 79.61*** | 0.20 | 79.39*** | 0.20 | 78.96*** | 0.18 | 78.74*** | 0.19 |
| Momentary acute stress severity | 0.26*** | 0.06 | 0.23*** | 0.07 | 0.09* | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.40*** | 0.06 | 0.37*** | 0.06 |
| Person-mean acute stress severity | 0.05 | 0.18 | −0.20 | 0.18 | −0.01 | 0.13 | −0.26 | 0.13 | 0.99*** | 0.12 | 0.72*** | 0.12 |
| Chronic stress severity | 1.56*** | 0.20 | 1.33*** | 0.15 | 0.97*** | 0.13 | ||||||
| Momentary acute stress severity × Chronic stress severity | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.08 | ||||||
| Person-mean acute stress severity × Chronic stress severity | −0.12 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.42** | 0.16 | ||||||
| Time of day 1 (morning) | −0.01 | 0.12 | −0.01 | 0.12 | 0.74*** | 0.09 | 0.73*** | 0.09 | −3.03*** | 0.11 | −3.03*** | 0.12 |
| Time of day 2 (afternoon) | −0.22* | 0.10 | −0.22* | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.07 | −0.19* | 0.09 | −0.22* | 0.09 |
| Check-in number | −0.03*** | 0.00 | −0.03*** | 0.00 | −0.02*** | 0.00 | −0.02*** | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Sex 1 (male) | 4.49*** | 0.29 | 4.55*** | 0.29 | 2.15*** | 0.21 | 2.17*** | 0.21 | −1.68*** | 0.19 | −1.64*** | 0.19 |
| Sex 2 (other) | 0.68 | 2.11 | 0.25 | 2.17 | 0.32 | 1.52 | 0.65 | 1.56 | −0.07 | 1.32 | 0.13 | 1.33 |
| Age | 0.15*** | 0.01 | 0.16*** | 0.01 | −0.03*** | 0.01 | −0.02* | 0.01 | −0.23*** | 0.01 | −0.22*** | 0.01 |
| BMI | 0.58*** | 0.02 | 0.57*** | 0.02 | 0.28*** | 0.01 | 0.28*** | 0.01 | 0.23*** | 0.01 | 0.23*** | 0.01 |
| Device (watch) | −0.23 | 0.19 | −0.15 | 0.19 | −0.72*** | 0.14 | −0.66*** | 0.14 | −0.15 | 0.15 | −0.11 | 0.15 |
| Random effects | ||||||||||||
| Intercept Variance | 186.48 | 185.41 | 96.19 | 95.03 | 94.48 | 94.29 | ||||||
| Slope Variance | 1.03 | 1.02 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.29 | ||||||
| Residual Variance | 62.30 | 62.36 | 33.00 | 33.01 | 87.30 | 87.13 |
Note.
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001. The unit of SBP and DBP is mmHg and the unit of HR is beats per minute. Sex 0 (female) was used as the reference group for sex; Time of day 0 (night) was used as the reference group for time of day. Wald tests were conducted on fixed effects only. Effects of primary interests are bolded. Model with interactions is shown in the second column of each physiological outcome.