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. 2023 Sep 11;12(18):2253. doi: 10.3390/cells12182253

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Chemical structures of selected endosomal buffering polymers that are commonly used in gene delivery studies. Poly(L-lysine) and polyethylenimine (PEI) are among the earliest used buffering polymers. Several other polymeric vectors, such as polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers, degradable poly(β-amino esters) (PBAEs), poly[(2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (pDMAEMA), and various carbohydrate-based polymers (chitosan and β-cyclodextrin-containing polycations), have also been explored to improve safety and efficacy.