Table 4.
Physical characteristics of the loaves at different percentages of integration with artichoke flour and the staling process from T0 to T4.
| Time | Sample | Moisture (g/100 g) |
Volume (cm3) |
Height (cm) |
Weight (g) |
Porosity * |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SC | 33.10 ± 0.19 d | 361.00 ± 5.66 a | 7.65 ± 0.21 a | 132.76 ± 0.54 b | 5.00 ± 0.00 c | |
| T0 | FAB-5% (A) | 37.79 ± 0.19 abc | 300.00 ± 0.00 c–f | 5.15 ± 0.21 bcd | 136.89 ± 0.83 ab | 6.00 ± 0.00 abc |
| FAB-5% (B) | 36.48 ± 0.54 c | 335.00 ± 7.07 a–d | 5.50 ± 0.00 bcd | 136.94 ± 0.04 ab | 5.75 ± 0.35 abc | |
| FAB-7.5% (A) | 37.75 ± 0.04 abc | 262.50 ± 3.54 fg | 4.90 ± 0.00 d | 137.82 ± 0.42 a | 7.00 ± 0.00 a | |
| FAB-7.5% (B) | 37.57 ± 0.25 abc | 297.50 ± 3.54 c–g | 5.28 ± 0.18 bcd | 137.96 ± 0.57 a | 7.00 ± 0.00 a | |
| FAB-10% (A) | 37.81 ± 0.83 abc | 245.00 ± 7.07 g | 4.95 ± 0.21 cd | 137.85 ± 1.07 a | 6.75 ± 0.35 ab | |
| FAB-10% (B) | 37.77 ± 0.18 abc | 267.50 ± 17.68 fg | 5.10 ± 0.14 bcd | 137.73 ± 0.27 a | 6.75 ± 0.00 ab | |
| FAS-5% (A) | 36.92 ± 0.39 bc | 350.00 ± 28.28 abc | 5.68 ± 0.11 bcd | 135.09 ± 0.26 ab | 5.00 ± 0.00 c | |
| FAS-5% (B) | 37.69 ± 0.28 abc | 327.50 ± 3.54 a–e | 5.65 ± 0.07 bcd | 135.45 ± 1.38 ab | 6.00 ± 0.35 abc | |
| FAS-7.5% (A) | 38.18 ± 0.49 abc | 355.00 ± 7.07 ab | 5.70 ± 0.144 bc | 134.40 ± 0.58 ab | 6.25 ± 0.00 abc | |
| FAS-7.5% (B) | 39.66 ± 0.23 a | 325.00 ± 0.00 a–e | 5.43 ± 0.11 bcd | 136.13 ± 1.81 ab | 6.75 ± 0.35 ab | |
| FAS-10% (A) | 38.72 ± 0.50 ab | 325.00 ± 7.07 a–e | 5.43 ± 0.11 bcd | 135.30 ± 0.33 ab | 6.75 ± 0.71 ab | |
| FAS-10% (B) | 39.10 ± 0.37 ab | 302.50 ± 3.54 b–f | 5.33 ± 0.04 bcd | 135.95 ± 0.26 ab | 6.25 ± 0.35 abc | |
| FAM-5% (A) | 37.62 ± 0.01 abc | 330.00 ± 7.07 a–e | 5.78 ± 0.18 b | 136.49 ± 0.46 ab | 6.00 ± 0.00 abc | |
| FAM-5% (B) | 38.15 ± 0.22 abc | 304.00 ± 5.66 b–f | 5.54 ± 0.08 bcd | 135.77 ± 0.86 ab | 7.00 ± 0.00 a | |
| FAM-7.5% (A) | 39.21 ± 0.42 a | 302.50 ± 3.54 b–f | 5.32 ± 0.16 bcd | 135.41 ± 0.12 ab | 6.75 ± 0.00 ab | |
| FAM-7.5% (B) | 39.10 ± 0.08 ab | 306.50 ± 2.12 b–f | 5.51 ± 0.14 bcd | 135.74 ± 0.27 ab | 7.00 ± 0.35 a | |
| FAM-10% (A) | 38.47 ± 0.53 abc | 277.50 ± 3.54 efg | 5.12 ± 0.02 bcd | 135.24 ± 1.12 ab | 6.50 ± 0.00 ab | |
| FAM-10% (B) | 39.18 ± 0.20 a | 282.50 ± 3.54 d–g | 5.27 ± 0.06 bcd | 136.15 ± 0.04 ab | 7.00 ± 0.71 a | |
| T2 | SC | 32.67 ± 0.58 b | 348.75 ± 8.84 a | 7.20 ± 0.28 a | 124.10 ± 0.39 i | 5.50 ± 0.00 c |
| FAB-5% (A) | 36.09 ± 1.69 ab | 277.50 ± 3.54 b–f | 4.90 ± 0.21 bcd | 132.85 ± 0.40 a–d | 6.25 ± 0.00 abc | |
| FAB-5% (B) | 36.54 ± 2.07 ab | 311.25 ± 1.77 a–d | 5.40 ± 0.14 bcd | 134.39 ± 0.15 ab | 6.25 ± 0.00 abc | |
| FAB-7.5% (A) | 38.52 ± 0.50 a | 257.50 ± 3.54 def | 4.88 ± 0.04 bcd | 133.29 ± 0.38 abc | 7.25 ± 0.35 a | |
| FAB-7.5% (B) | 38.14 ± 0.06 a | 258.00 ± 9.90 def | 5.10 ± 0.14 bcd | 129.27 ± 1.07 d–g | 7.25 ± 0.00 a | |
| FAB-10% (A) | 38.00 ± 0.34 a | 240.00 ± 7.07 f | 4.83 ± 0.07 bcd | 131.22 ± 0.93 b–f | 7.00 ± 0.35 ab | |
| FAB-10% (B) | 37.03 ± 0.44 ab | 245.00 ± 21.21 ef | 4.87 ± 0.05 bcd | 135.38 ± 0.14 a | 7.00 ± 0.00 ab | |
| FAS-5% (A) | 37.10 ± 0.22 ab | 330.00 ± 28.28 ab | 5.60 ± 0.07 b | 129.39 ± 0.85 d–g | 6.00 ± 0.00 bc | |
| FAS-5% (B) | 37.46 ± 0.00 a | 298.00 ± 2.83 a–e | 5.55 ± 0.07 bc | 129.11 ± 0.03 efg | 6.00 ± 0.00 bc | |
| FAS-7.5% (A) | 37.60 ± 1.60 a | 319.50 ± 7.78 abc | 5.53 ± 0.32 bc | 125.35 ± 0.16 hi | 6.25 ± 0.00 abc | |
| FAS-7.5% (B) | 37.43 ± 1.06 a | 302.50 ± 3.54 a–d | 5.35 ± 0.14 bcd | 128.61 ± 0.25 e–h | 6.25 ± 0.35 abc | |
| FAS-10% (A) | 38.22 ± 1.60 a | 302.50 ± 3.54 a–d | 5.38 ± 0.04 bcd | 125.77 ± 0.17 ghi | 6.75 ± 0.71 abc | |
| FAS-10% (B) | 38.71 ± 1.63 a | 272.50 ± 3.54 c–f | 5.20 ± 0.14 bcd | 127.91 ± 0.12 fgh | 6.75 ± 0.71 abc | |
| FAM-5% (A) | 37.77 ± 0.59 a | 310.00 ± 2.83 a–d | 5.61 ± 0.06 b | 131.82 ± 0.11 a–e | 6.75 ± 0.00 abc | |
| FAM-5% (B) | 37.68 ± 0.21 a | 277.50 ± 3.54 b–f | 5.20 ± 0.14 bcd | 129.63 ± 0.43 def | 6.00 ± 0.00 bc | |
| FAM-7.5% (A) | 39.19 ± 0.46 a | 292.50 ± 3.54 a–f | 5.18 ± 0.11 bcd | 130.67 ± 0.16 c–f | 7.00 ± 0.00 ab | |
| FAM-7.5% (B) | 38.57 ± 0.70 a | 294.00 ± 1.41 a–f | 5.00 ± 0.00 bcd | 128.40 ± 0.01 e–h | 7.00 ± 0.71 ab | |
| FAM-10% (A) | 38.91 ± 0.19 a | 269.00 ± 1.41 c–f | 4.70 ± 0.14 cd | 129.98 ± 1.82 c–f | 7.00 ± 0.00 ab | |
| FAM-10% (B) | 38.58 ± 0.26 a | 262.50 ± 3.54 def | 4.55 ± 0.14 d | 129.68 ± 0.14 c–f | 7.00 ± 0.00 ab | |
| T4 | SC | 29.45 ± 0.73 c | 316.50 ± 4.95 ab | 6.86 ± 0.23 a | 118.81 ± 0.11 g | 6.00 ± 0.00 a |
| FAB-5% (A) | 35.69 ± 0.78 ab | 272.50 ± 3.54 a–e | 4.78 ± 0.04 bcd | 127.31 ± 0.42 b | 7.00 ± 0.00 a | |
| FAB-5% (B) | 37.38 ± 0.16 a | 301.00 ± 1.41 abc | 5.34 ± 0.20 bc | 131.20 ± 0.03 a | 7.00 ± 0.35 a | |
| FAB-7.5% (A) | 36.65 ± 0.93 ab | 252.50 ± 3.54 cde | 4.65 ± 0.10 cd | 130.28 ± 0.23 a | 7.50 ± 0.71 a | |
| FAB-7.5% (B) | 35.37 ± 0.59 abc | 254.00 ± 8.49 cde | 4.95 ± 0.21 bcd | 127.15 ± 0.55 b | 7.50 ± 0.00 a | |
| FAB-10% (A) | 34.77 ± 1.97 abc | 235.00 ± 7.07 e | 4.67 ± 0.05 cd | 127.10 ± 0.45 b | 7.63 ± 0.35 a | |
| FAB-10% (B) | 36.66 ± 0.71 ab | 241.00 ± 19.80 de | 4.86 ± 0.06 bcd | 131.45 ± 0.32 a | 7.25 ± 0.00 a | |
| FAS-5% (A) | 32.33 ± 1.25 abc | 326.50 ± 30.41 a | 5.54 ± 0.08 b | 126.85 ± 0.76 b | 6.75 ± 0.35 a | |
| FAS-5% (B) | 36.08 ± 0.00 ab | 295.00 ± 2.83 a–d | 5.39 ± 0.01 bc | 127.53 ± 0.25 b | 6.75 ± 0.35 a | |
| FAS-7.5% (A) | 32.71 ± 1.58 abc | 316.50 ± 6.36 ab | 5.40 ± 0.14 bc | 122.19 ± 0.26 ef | 7.50 ± 0.35 a | |
| FAS-7.5% (B) | 34.59 ± 2.45 abc | 252.50 ± 3.54 cde | 5.31 ± 0.13 bcd | 122.19 ± 0.08 ef | 7.00 ± 0.35 a | |
| FAS-10% (A) | 30.74 ± 0.13 bc | 282.50 ± 3.54 a–e | 5.23 ± 0.11 bcd | 118.83 ± 0.05 g | 7.50 ± 1.41 a | |
| FAS-10% (B) | 36.52 ± 0.36 ab | 272.50 ± 3.54 a–e | 5.10 ± 0.14 bcd | 124.21 ± 0.25 d | 7.50 ± 0.35 a | |
| FAM-5% (A) | 33.74 ± 1.41 abc | 299.00 ± 1.41 abc | 5.40 ± 0.14 bc | 127.40 ± 0.23 b | 7.25 ± 0.35 a | |
| FAM-5% (B) | 35.33 ± 1.26 abc | 278.50 ± 2.12 a–e | 5.03 ± 0.11 bcd | 126.26 ± 0.04 bc | 6.25 ± 0.35 a | |
| FAM-7.5% (A) | 32.41 ± 2.76 abc | 276.25 ± 1.77 a–e | 5.14 ± 0.08 bcd | 123.72 ± 0.37 de | 7.25 ± 0.35 a | |
| FAM-7.5% (B) | 33.94 ± 0.28 abc | 281.00 ± 1.41 a–e | 4.88 ± 0.18 bcd | 121.11 ± 0.09 f | 7.25 ± 0.71 a | |
| FAM-10% (A) | 36.25 ± 1.59 ab | 260.00 ± 2.83 cde | 4.59 ± 0.16 cd | 124.28 ± 0.05 d | 7.25 ± 0.35 a | |
| FAM-10% (B) | 35.11 ± 0.73 abc | 262.50 ± 3.54 b–e | 4.48 ± 0.22 d | 124.55 ± 0.45 cd | 7.75 ± 0.35 a |
* Scale 1–8; 1 = non-uniform structure: large and irregular cells; 8 = uniform compact structure: small and regular cells. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Values in a column at each storage time, indicated by different letters are significantly different (T0 p ≤ 0.001; T2 p ≤ 0.001; moisture p ≤ 0.01; T4: volume, height, weight: p ≤ 0.001; moisture and porosity: p ≤ 0.01), based on Tukey’s HSD. SC = bread with semolina control 100%; FAB = bread of artichoke bracts to the 5/7.5/10/100%; FAS-5% = Bread of artichoke stems to the 5/7.5/10/100%; FAM-5% = bread of mixes 5/7.5/10/100%.