. 2023 Sep 6;12(18):3340. doi: 10.3390/foods12183340

Table 4.

The presence of heavy metals in edible oils.

Analyzed Product	Country	Identified Heavy Metal	Concentrations	Year	References
Corn oil	Turkey	Cd²⁺	0.0012 mg/kg	2008	[84]
		Ni²⁺	0.0015 mg/kg
		Zn²⁺	0.0330 mg/kg
	Iran	Pb²⁺	0.099 mg/kg	2020	[89]
Soybean oil	Turkey	Cd²⁺	0.0013 mg/kg	2008	[84]
		Ni²⁺	0.0027 mg/kg
		Zn²⁺	0.0348 mg/kg
	Salvador, Brazil	Cu²⁺	0.83 mg/kg	2015	[85]
Rice oil	Illnios, USA	Cd²⁺	<0.891 mg/kg	2015	[86]
Olive oil	Cyprus	Cd²⁺	0.05 mg/kg	2019	[87]
	Turkey	Cd²⁺	0.9922 mg/kg	2021	[88]
	Iran	Cd²⁺	0.0955 mg/kg	2020	[89]
	London	Pb²⁺	0.143 mg/kg	2022	[94]
	Pakistan	Pb²⁺	4.285 mg/kg	2022	[95]
	Ukraine	Cu²⁺	0.355 mg/kg	2015	[96]
	Greece	Cu²⁺	0.086 mg/kg	2022	[97]
Rapeseed oil	Iran	Cd²⁺	0.098 mg/kg	2020	[89]
	China	Pb²⁺	1.96 mg/kg	2016	[90]
	Poland	Pb²⁺	0.056 mg/kg	2017	[91]
	Salvador, Brazil	Cu²⁺	0.81 mg/kg	2015	[85]
Sesame oil	Iran	Cd²⁺	0.0935 mg/kg	2020	[89]
Coconut oil	London	Pb²⁺	0.158 mg/kg	2022	[94]
Sesame oil	Pakistan	Pb²⁺	4.005 mg/kg	2022	[95]
Sunflower oil	London	Pb²⁺	0.274 mg/kg	2022	[94]
	Iran	Pb²⁺	0.099 mg/kg	2020	[89]
	Salvador, Brazil	Cu²⁺	0.81 mg/kg	2015	[85]
Linseed oil	Poland	Cu²⁺	0.10 mg/kg	2016	[98]
Flaxseed oil	Korea	Pb²⁺	25.65 µg/kg	2019	[41]
		Cd²⁺	70.03 µg/kg
		As³⁺	3.1 µg/kg
		Al²⁺	29.81 mg/kg
Sesame oil		Pb²⁺	36.01 µg/kg
		As³⁺	15.18 µg/kg
		Al²⁺	15.97 mg/kg
Canola	Monte Carlo	As³⁺	0.062–0.118 mg/kg	2022	[92]
		Cd²⁺	0.097–0.123 mg/kg
		Cu²⁺	0.027–0.041 mg/kg
Corn		As³⁺	0.095–0.106 mg/kg
		Cd²⁺	0.018–0.045 mg/kg
		Cu²⁺	0.027–0.041 mg/kg
		Ni²⁺	0.024–0.076 mg/kg
		Zn²⁺	0.613–1.090 mg/kg
Cottonseed		As³⁺	0.104–0.116 mg/kg
		Cd²⁺	0.001–0.008 mg/kg
		Cu²⁺	0.010–0.062 mg/kg
		Ni²⁺	0.016–0.078 mg/kg
		Pb²⁺	−0.004–0.016 mg/kg
		Zn²⁺	−0.060–2.148 mg/kg
Soybean		As³⁺	−0.037–0.125 mg/kg
		Cd²⁺	0.058–0.129 mg/kg
		Cu²⁺	0.247–0.283 mg/kg
		Ni²⁺	0.579–0.677 mg/kg
		Pb²⁺	0.033–0.070 mg/kg
		Zn²⁺	0.357–0.588 mg/kg
Sunflower		As³⁺	−0.019–0.147 mg/kg
		Cd²⁺	0.024–0.038 mg/kg
		Cu²⁺	−0.026–0.233 mg/kg
		Ni²⁺	0.153–0.221 mg/kg
		Pb²⁺	0.022–0.025 mg/kg
		Zn²⁺	0.411–0.456 mg/kg