Table 4.
The association of adverse social determinants of health (SDoH) quartile with eye care utilization in the overall model and models stratified by race and ethnicity.
| Race | SDoH quartile | No eye care utilization | Eye care utilization | Unadjusted | Adjusted * | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (weighted %) | N (weighted %) | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | ||
| Overall | Ql | 2478 (32) | 4839 (45) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 | 1883 (20) | 2832 (22) | 0.78 (0.70, 0.85) | <0.001 | 0.70 (0.63, 0.77) | <0.001 | |
| Q3 | 2261 (24) | 2574 (20) | 0.57 (0.52, 0.63) | <0.001 | 0.57 (0.51, 0.63) | <0.001 | |
| Q4 | 2140 (24) | 1800 (14) | 0.40 (0.36, 0.45) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.37, 0.47) | <0.001 | |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | Q1 | 1713 (39) | 3572 (51) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 | 1124 (22) | 1844 (23) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.91) | 0.001 | 0.73 (0.64, 0.83) | <0.001 | |
| Q3 | 1108 (21) | 1361 (16) | 0.61 (0.53, 0.69) | <0.001 | 0.59 (0.51, 0.67) | <0.001 | |
| Q4 | 932 (19) | 812 (10) | 0.43 (0.37, 0.5) | <0.001 | 0.44 (0.38, 0.51) | <0.001 | |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | Q1 | 340 (23) | 579 (33) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 | 360 (19) | 458 (20) | 0.72 (0.55, 0.96) | 0.023 | 0.65 (0.49, 0.87) | 0.004 | |
| Q3 | 507 (31) | 549 (27) | 0.60 (0.46, 0.78) | <0.001 | 0.54 (0.41, 0.71) | <0.001 | |
| Q4 | 456 (27) | 458 (20) | 0.52 (0.39, 0.68) | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.35, 0.62) | <0.001 | |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic Asian | Q1 | 94 (42) | 175 (60) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 | 46 (22) | 97 (22) | 0.69 (0.31, 1.56) | 0.376 | 0.46 (0.21, 1.03) | 0.06 | |
| Q3 | 50 (23) | 69 (14) | 0.44 (0.21, 0.94) | 0.034 | 0.37 (0.16, 0.85) | 0.02 | |
| Q4 | 27 (13) | 27 (3) | 0.18 (0.07, 0.51) | 0.001 | 0.12 (0.04, 0.39) | <0.001 | |
| p for trend | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||||
| Hispanic | Q1 | 227 (16) | 325 (25) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 | 286 (17) | 333 (21) | 0.79 (0.53, 1.16) | 0.227 | 0.67 (0.45, 1.01) | 0.055 | |
| Q3 | 483 (29) | 487 (30) | 0.64 (0.45, 0.91) | 0.012 | 0.57 (0.40, 0.82) | 0.003 | |
| Q4 | 616 (38) | 424 (25) | 0.41 (0.29, 0.57) | <0.001 | 0.37 (0.26, 0.53) | <0.001 | |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
*
Overall model is adjusted by age, sex, geographic region, race/ethnicity, Charlson Comorbidity Index, year of the survey, and vision impairment; stratified models are adjusted by age, sex, geographic region, Charlson Comorbidity Index, year of the survey, and vision impairment.
Abbreviations: OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval