| Does time-restricted feeding during the morning, afternoon, or evening have different metabolic effects? |
Circadian rhythm is biologically regulated, and many animals’ studies demonstrate metabolic disarrangements when food intake occurs in the rest phase of the species. |
| Are there weight-loss independent effects of intermittent fasting on cardiovascular risk markers and insulin resistance? |
Prolonged fasting has a unique metabolic profile in animals, and some studies in humans suggest that insulin sensitivity can improve, even in the absence of weight loss. Others suggest a beneficial effect in those with insulin resistance. |
| Can fasting-mimicking diets reduce aging or chronic diseases? |
The rationale for the development of a fast-mimicking diet is to provide these benefits. Nowadays, we only have evidence of improved surrogate markers. |
| Is there an intermittent fasting protocol associated with higher long-term adherence? |
Fewer studies compared different intermittent fasting protocols head-to-head. Long term adherence is important for sustained health benefits. |
