Figure 2.

CXCL12/CXCR4 participating signaling pathways. AC, adenylate cyclase; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CXCL12, CXC motif ligand 12; CXCR4, chemokine receptor type 4; DAG, diglycerol; IP3, inositol 1, 4, 5‐triphosphate; JAK, Janus kinase; MAPK, mitogen‐associated protein kinase; NF‐κB, nuclear factor kappa B; PI3K, phosphatidylinosine 3 kinase; PKA, protein kinase A; PKC, protein kinase C; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4, 5‐diphosphate; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]