Table 7.

Randomized trials evaluating brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer.

Study	Year	Treatment	Patient’s Number	PCa Characteristics	Treatment Methods	ADT	bRFS (Phoenix)		Toxicity
San Paolo Hospital	2009	LDR	85 vs. 89		BT vs. RP	-	5-year	91.0% vs. 91.7%
RTOG 0232	2016	LDR	287 vs. 292	Intermediate risk	EBRT + BT vs. BT	?	5-year	85% vs. 86% (PFS)
ISRCTN98241100	2012	HDR	110 vs. 106	low (4.2%), intermediate (42.1%) and high (53.7%)	EBRT + HDR-BT vs. EBRT	6 months in low/intermediate risk and up to 3 years in high-risk	12-year	69% vs. 49%	6-year grade ≥ 3 GU toxicity	11% vs. 4%	6-year grade ≥ 3 GI toxicity	0.9% vs. 0.8%
NCT01890096	2020	HDR	87 vs. 83	low (19.4%) and intermediate (80.6%) risk	19 Gy in 1 f vs. 27 Gy in 2 f	physician decision	5-year	73.5% vs. 95%	late grade ≥ 2 GU toxicity	45% vs. 45%
ASCENDE-RT	2017	Torimodality	198 vs. 200	intermediate (30.7%) and high (69.3%) risk	EBRT + LDR-BT vs. DE-EBRT	12 months	7-year	85% vs. 76%	late grade ≥ 2 GU toxicity	32.8% vs. 20.6%	late grade ≥ 2 GI toxicity	31.3% vs. 20.2%

PCa, prostate cancer; Gy, gray; ADT, androgen deprivation therapy; bRFS, biochemical relapse-free survival; LDR, low dose rate; HDR, high dose rate; BT, brachytherapy; RP, radical prostatectomy; EBRT, external beam radiation therapy; f, fraction; DE-EBRT, dose-escalated external beam radiation therapy; GU, genitourinary; GI, gastrointestinal.