Table 1.
Comparison of newborn and labor characteristics among resuscitated newborns who died versus survived.
| Characteristics | Total n = 76 |
Deaths n = 30 |
Survivors n = 46 |
p 1 | p 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth weight (grams) | 3060 ± 560 | 2841 ± 491 | 3203 ± 561 | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 38.1 ± 1.6 n = 72 | 37.9 ± 1.4 n = 27 | 38.2 ± 1.6 n = 45 | 0.35 | 0.47 |
| Female | 26 (34%) | 13 (43%) | 13 (28%) | 0.18 | 0.26 |
| Abnormal FHR on admission | 2 (3%) n = 66 | 1 (4%) n = 24 | 1 (2%) n = 42 | 0.69 | 0.56 |
| Cervical dilatation on admission (cm) | 6.3 ± 2.4 n = 64 | 6.2 ± 2.6 n = 22 | 6.4 ± 2.3 n = 42 | 0.84 | 0.96 |
| Fetal presentation | 0.60 | 0.49 | |||
| Cephalic | 67 (88%) | 26 (87%) | 41 (89%) | ||
| Breech | 6 (8%) | 2 (7%) | 4 (9%) | ||
| Others (transverse, prolapse) | 3 (4%) | 2 (7%) | 1 (2%) | ||
| Abnormal FHR during labor | 9 (15%) n = 62 | 7 (30%) n = 23 | 2 (5%) n = 39 | 0.007 | 0.010 |
| Amniotic fluid 5 | (n = 75) | (n = 45) | 0.22 | 0.37 | |
| Clear | 39 (52%) | 12 (40%) | 27 (60%) | ||
| Slight meconium | 11 (15%) | 6 (20%) | 5 (11%) | ||
| Thick meconium | 24 (32%) | 12 (40%) | 12 (27%) | ||
| Blood stained | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | ||
| Abnormal final FHR before delivery | 9 (14%) n = 64 | 7 (29%) n = 24 | 2 (5%) n = 40 | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Multiples (twins) | 3 (4%) | 1 (3%) | 2 (4%) | 0.82 | 0.60 |
| Labor complications 6 | 6 (8%) | 2 (7%) | 4 (9%) | 0.75 | 0.93 |
| Mode of delivery | 0.53 | 0.85 | |||
| Spontaneous vaginal delivery | 41 (54%) | 14 (47%) | 27 (59%) | ||
| Cesarean section | 32 (42%) | 15 (50%) | 17 (37%) | ||
| Assisted breech delivery | 3 (4%) | 1 (3%) | 2 (4%) | ||
| Apgar score assigned by attending midwife | |||||
| 1 min | 7 (4, 7) | 4 (3, 5) | 7 (7, 8) | <0.001 3 | <0.001 3 |
| 5 min | 10 (8, 10) | 9 (6, 10) | 10 (10, 10) | <0.001 3 | <0.001 3 |
| First newborn HR (bpm) | 77 (55, 139) | 66 (52, 94) | 94 (59, 154) | 0.098 4 |
Data presented as mean ± SD, count (%), or median (quartiles). Number of observations is indicated if missing data. Likelihood ratio test p-values from regression analyses without (p 1) and with (p 2) adjustment for first HR, using linear regression for symmetric continuous variables, binary or multinomial logistic regression for categorical variables, except 3 log-linear regression with robust standard errors for reversed left-skewed variables (Wald test p-values), and 4 quantile regression for right-skewed variable (Wald test p-values). Bolded p-values indicate p < 0.05. 5 Thick, combined with blood, stained for regression analysis. 6 Labor complications = bleeding, eclampsia, obstructed labor, shoulder dystocia. FHR = fetal heart rate, HR = heart rate, bpm = beats per minute, cm = centimeter.