Table 2.
Comparison of resuscitation interventions, timelines, and newborn responses among resuscitated newborns who died versus survived.
| Characteristics | Total n = 76 |
Deaths n = 30 |
Survivors n = 46 |
p 1 | p 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | |||||
| Duration of resuscitation | 388 (223, 602) | 609 (336, 1218) | 288 (182, 438) | 0.003 3 | 0.013 3 |
| Time from birth to cord clamping (sec) | 33 (15, 57) n = 74 | 19 (14, 50) n = 29 | 35 (12, 58) n = 45 | 0.10 3 | 0.69 3 |
| Time from birth to placement of ECG sensor (sec) | 107 (71, 142) n = 72 | 115 (71, 131) n = 28 | 103 (71, 166) n = 44 | 0.50 3 | 0.42 3 |
| Time from birth to start ventilation (sec) | 108 (76, 158) n = 74 | 125 (81, 146) n = 29 | 104 (73, 176) n = 45 | 0.32 3 | 0.63 3 |
| Duration from first to final ventilation (sec) | 174 (104, 344) n = 72 | 557 (208, 700) n = 28 | 122 (77, 192) n = 44 | <0.001 3 | <0.001 3 |
| HR at start of first ventilation (bpm) | 82 (61, 133) n = 58 | 61 (54, 79) n = 22 | 121 (69, 160) n = 36 | 0.002 3 | 0.81 3 |
| HR at cessation of ventilation (bpm) | 150 (129, 167) n = 70 | 142 (123, 155) n = 25 | 156 (140, 171) n = 45 | 0.096 3 | 0.31 3 |
| HR increase from first to final ventilation (bpm) | 27 (2, 82) n = 52 | 63 (9, 92) n = 17 | 25 (1, 74) n = 35 | 0.085 3 | 0.40 3 |
| Ventilation Parameters | |||||
| Inflated volume (ml) 4 | 39 (25, 49) | 36 (25, 46) | 41 (25, 51) | 0.48 3 | 0.47 3 |
| Mask leakage (%) 4 | 50 ± 21 | 47 ± 22 | 52 ± 20 | 0.39 | 0.50 |
| Expired volume (ml) 4 | 14 (8, 25) | 16 (7, 25) | 13 (8, 26) | 0.35 3 | 0.37 3 |
| Expired volume (ml/kg) 4 | 6.2 (3.7, 10.1) | 9.7 (3.8, 11.9) | 4.8 (3.3, 8.2) | 0.001 3 | 0.001 3 |
| Ventilation frequency (per minute) 4 | 52 (41, 68) | 51 (41, 67) | 54 (40, 68) | 0.64 3 | 0.84 3 |
| Peak inflation pressure (mBar) 4 | 34 ± 8 | 33 ± 7 | 34 ± 8 | 0.43 | 0.56 |
| Expired CO2 (%) 4 | 3.2 (1.8, 4.2) | 3.1 (1.3, 3.8) | 3.5 (2.1, 4.4) | 0.57 3 | 0.57 3 |
| Suctioning during Resuscitation | |||||
| Resuscitation period analyzed for suctioning (sec) | 391 (245, 420) | 420 (360, 471) | 312 (213, 416) | ||
| Babies with at least one SE | 69 (91%) | 27 (90%) | 42 (91%) | 0.85 | 0.86 |
| Number of SEs per baby | 2 (1, 4) | 2 (1, 4) | 2 (1, 4) | ||
| Total duration of suctioning (sec) | 32 (15, 64) | 32 (18, 67) | 32 (13, 61) | ||
| Proportion of time spent suctioning (%) | 10 (5, 19) | 10 (4, 17) | 11 (6, 20) | ||
| Infants receiving at least one catheter suction (vs. only bulb suction or no suction) | 17 (22%) | 8 (27%) | 9 (20%) | 0.47 | 0.67 |
| Number of suction insertions per baby | 9 (5, 16) | 9 (6, 15) | 11 (5, 18) | ||
| Number of mouth suction insertions | 6 (3, 9) | 5 (3, 8) | 6 (3, 11) | ||
| Number of nose suction insertions | 4 (2, 7) | 4 (2, 7) | 4 (2, 7) | ||
| Number of suction insertions/SE 5 | 3.6 (3.0, 5.4) n = 68 | 3.4 (2.4, 6.0) n = 26 | 3.9 (3.0, 5.1) n = 42 | ||
| Number of mouth suction/SE | 2.0 (1.5, 3.0) | 1.8 (1.3, 3.1) | 1.3 (1.0, 2.0) | ||
| Number of nose suctions/SE | 1.5 (0.8, 2.1) | 1.6 (0.6, 2.6) | 1.3 (1.0, 2.0) |
Data presented as mean ± SD, count (%), or median (quartiles). Number of observations is indicated if missing data. Likelihood ratio test p-values from regression analyses without (p 1) and with (p 2) adjustment for first HR, using linear regression for symmetric continuous variables and binary or multinomial logistic regression for categorical variables, except 3 quantile regression for right-skewed variables (Wald test p-values). Bolded p-values indicate p < 0.05. Sec = seconds, HR = heart rate, bpm = beats per minute, SE = suction event. 4 Reported as mean value for each newborn resuscitation. 5 Including only babies with at least one SE.