Table 3. Characteristics of NiV patients, including clinical symptoms and signs, exposure, and outcome of NiV infections reported from Bangladesh between April 2001 to December 2021.

Trait	Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
Exposure history (N = 322)
H/O Date palm sap consumption	156	48
History of close contact with Nipah case	93	29
H/O Tari consumption	6	2
Unidentified/unconfirmed source of infection	67	21
General clinical findings
Fever (N = 322)	320	99
Muscle pain (N = 299)	113	37
Joint pain (N = 286)	62	22
Vomiting (N = 317)	176	56
Diarrhea (N = 318)	67	21
Headache (N = 308)	208	68
Fatigue/weakness (N = 316)	231	73
Increased salivation (N = 46)	44	96
Clinical findings related to the respiratory system
Cough (N = 314)	156	50
Difficulty in breathing (N = 315)	183	58
ARDS (N = 126)	5	4
Clinical findings related to the nervous system
Drowsiness (N = 293)	151	52
Personality change/altered mental status (N = 287)	117	41
Irritability/restlessness (N = 294)	103	35
Convulsion (N = 317)	132	42
Unconsciousness (N = 318)	255	80
Outcome following initial hospitalization (death)	228	71
Lowest recorded GCS score during hospitalization (N = 66)
<3	9	14
3–8	8	12
9–12	5	8
13–15	44	67
Time to hospitalization after symptom onset (N = 285)
≤ 3 days	108	38
4–5 days	96	34
>5 days	81	28
Hospital stay (N = 67)
≤ 5 days	22	33
6–10 days	12	18
11–15 days	13	19
>15 days	20	30

*Although the total number of cases is 322, patient data of all the variables for all 322 cases are not available. Therefore, the denominator (N) or the number of Nipah cases asked/inquired about that individual variable is mentioned on the side. A total of 104 (32%) cases were reported before the establishment of surveillance, and 81 (25%) were probable cases. From these individuals, we do not have data against all the variables.