Table 1.
Key observations for AI/AN participants in each study
| Author(s) and date | CTN protocol # | Secondary Analysis | N (% AI/AN) | Theme(s) | Key observations for AI/AN peoples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Brown et al., 2009 | NR | No | NR (19.4) | Tribal Identity; Treatment Engagement; HIV/Risky Sexual Behaviors |
Treatment programs with addiction services tailored for AI/AN people were substantially more likely to provide 5 of the 21 different infection-related health services (24.0%) than programs without tailored-addiction services. |
| 2. Calsyn et al., 2013 | 0018, 0019 | Yes | 76 (7.3) | HIV/Risky Sexual Behaviors | AI/AN participants represented 7.0% of men and 8.1% of women engaged in heterosexual anal sex; and represented 8.7% of men and 3.3% of women not engaged. |
| 3. Campbell et al., 2015 | NR | No | 40 (100) | Tribal Identity; Treatment Engagement; HIV/Risky Sexual Behaviors; Dissemination |
A web-based version of the Therapeutic Education System was acceptable in an urban sample of AI/AN people; and qualitative interviews suggest adapting the intervention to include cultural factors could improve adoption of the Therapeutic Education System. |
| 4. Foley et al., 2010 | 00020 | No | 102 (100) | Tribal Identity; Treatment Engagement |
There was no statistically significant difference at a three-month follow-up between two job skills trainings delivered either in person (Job Seekers Workshop) versus watching a video (Job Interviewing Video); or between substance use frequency by group among unemployed AI/AN participants in residential treatment. |
| 5. Forcehimes et al., 2011 | 0033-Ot-2 | No | 300 (100) | Tribal Identity; Treatment Engagement; Dissemination |
Data suggested concerning rates of methamphetamine use among AI/AN peoples, with women more adversely affected by substance use in general, however, alcohol was identified as the biggest substance use problem for AI/AN populations in the Southwest. |
| 6. Kropp et al., 2013 | NR | No | 77 (100) | Tribal Identity; Treatment Engagement; Comorbid Conditions |
A sample of AI/AN clients seeking treatment at an urban, non-tribal treatment program indicated that alcohol is the leading substance of abuse, followed by marijuana; alcohol and marijuana by far are used earlier, longer, and by more treatment-seeking clients; substance use onset and patterns are correlated with victimization, cognitive impairment, and suicidal behavior; and most participants reported receiving support for recovery from both interpersonal and cultural sources. |
| 7. Kropp et al., 2014 | 0033-Ot-4 | No | 143 (100) | Tribal Identity; Treatment Engagement |
Providing linkage services, such as case management, to AI/AN clients on the waiting list would assist in stabilization and encourage ongoing motivation for treatment during the interim between the initial intake and treatment entry. |
| 8. Loree et al., 2019 | 0072-0T | Yes | 1218 (1.4) | Comorbid Conditions | AI/AN people with comorbid psychiatric disorders were more likely to initiate but no more likely to engage in alcohol or other drug treatment compared with those without a comorbid psychiatric disorder, which was consistent with the findings for the overall sample. |
| 9. Radin et al., 2012 | NR | Yes | 4,851 (100) | Tribal Identity; Treatment Engagement; Dissemination |
Community health is tied to access to resources, services, and culturally appropriate and effective interventions. Treatment data results were consistent with interviewee reported substance use/abuse trends, with alcohol as the primary drug for 56.0% of AI/AN adults compared to 46.0% of non-AI/AN. |
| 10. Radin et al., 2015 | NR | No | 153 (NR) | Tribal Identity; Treatment Engagement; Dissemination |
Qualitative data analysis among a sample of primarily AI/AN participants observed robust themes: prescription medications and alcohol were perceived as most prevalent and concerning; family and peer influences and emotional distress were prominent perceived risk factors; and substance use disorder/alcohol use disorder intervention resources varied across communities. |
| 11. Rieckmann et al., 2012 | NR | Yes | 195 (100) | Tribal Identity; Treatment Engagement; Comorbid Conditions |
Urban AI/AN clients were more likely to report employment problems, polysubstance use, and a history of abuse. Reservation-based clients reported having more severe medical problems and a greater prevalence of psychiatric problems. |
| 12. Stephens et al., 2020 | NR | Yes | 118 (1.2) | Comorbid Conditions | Of the AI/AN participants, 17.8% had diabetes (19% of those had any substance use disorder), 77.1% hypertension (9.9% of those had any substance use disorder), and 36.4% obesity (9.3% of those had any substance use disorder). |
| 13. Wu et al., 2015 | NR | Yes | 587 (0.3) | Comorbid Conditions | AI/AN patients had greater odds of having type 2 diabetes mellitus than White patients. |
Note. AI/AN = Alaska Native/American Indian; CTN = Clinical Trials Network; NR = Not Reported.