Table 4.

Adjusted Odds of In-Hospital Mortality

	Odds Ratio^a	95% CI

Trauma Funding Status ^b
Without Trauma Funding	Reference
With Trauma Funding	0.73	0.60–0.89
Re-triage Status
Field Triage; Appropriate^c	Reference
Field Triage; Under-Triage^d	0.48	0.42–0.54
Optimal Re-Triage^e	1.30	1.09–1.54
Sub-optimal Re-Triage^f	1.90	1.33–2.70
Age (yrs)
<18	0.64	0.55–0.75
18–36	Reference
37–57	0.94	0.86–1.02
58–75	1.48	1.35–1.61
>75	2.75	2.49–3.04
Sex
Female	0.61	0.58–0.64
Race
White	Reference
Black	1.21	1.12–130
Hispanic	0.81	0.73–0.90
Asian or Pacific Islander	0.99	0.83–1.19
Native American	1.06	0.66–1.71
Other	1.32	1.18–1.48
Primary Payer
Private Insurance	Reference
Medicaid	1.04	0.95–1.13
Medicare	1.18	1.09–1.27
Self-pay	2.05	1.86–2.27
No Charge	0.85	0.59–1.23
Other	0.86	0.75–0.98
Injury Severity Score (ISS)
16–20	Reference
21–25	3.19	3.00–3.40
>25	5.24	4.93–5.57
Elixhauser Comorbidity Index
For each +1 comorbidity	1.25	1.24–1.27
Bed Size ^g
<100 beds	Reference
100–199 beds	1.20	0.99–1.46
200–299 beds	1.52	1.25–1.84
300–399 beds	1.59	1.28–1.97
400–499 beds	1.70	1.33–2.18
≥500 beds	1.72	1.36–2.17
Medical School Affiliation ^g
Yes	0.88	0.77–1.01

^a.

Values were obtained from a hierarchical logistic regression model with in-hospital mortality as the outcome. Age, sex, race, primary payer, Injury Severity Score, Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, hospital bed size, hospital medical school affiliation, trauma funding status, re-triage status, and a re-triage status by funding status interaction term are included as fixed effects. An intercept defined by hospital ID was used as the sole random effect. .

^b.

Trauma Funding Status was determined by the absence ($0.00) or presence (>$0.00) of per capita state trauma funding in the state that the patient was hospitalized in.

^c.

Patients presenting to an emergency department at or directly admitted to a Level I or II trauma center, with no subsequent transfer, were defined as Appropriate Triage on the field.

^d.

Patients presenting to an emergency department at or directly admitted to a Level III, IV, or non-trauma center, with no subsequent transfer, were defined as Under-Triage on the field.

^e.

Patients emergently transferred from any emergency department to a Level I or II trauma center were defined as Optimal Re-Triage.

^f.

Patients emergently transferred from any emergency department to a Level III, IV, or non-trauma center were defined as Sub-optimal Re-Triage.

^g.

Defined by the first hospital at which patients received care.