Table 3.
Preconditioning with Physiological factors and tissue engineering regulating MSC senescence.
| Physiological factors/ tissue engineering |
MSC type | Target | Effect | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypoxic preconditioning | OM-MSC/ BM-MSC/AD-MSC |
1. Target to autophagy 2. Target to VEGF 3. Target to oxidative stress, DNA damage, telomere shortening and chromosomal aberrations. |
1. Delay MSC senescence 2. Enhance neuroprotective effects of aged MSCs 3. significantly increases lifespan of MSC |
[180-182, 184] |
| Mild heat shock | AD-MSC | Target to HSC70 | Activate proliferation of aged MSC | [185] |
| Photobiomodulation | BM-MSC | Target to mitochondrial functionality | Rejuvenate aged MSC | [186] |
| Pulsed Triboelectric Stimulation (P-TENG) | BM-MSC | Target to MDM2-dependent p53 degradation | Rejuvenate senescent BM-MSC | [187] |
| Three- dimensional culture | AD-MSC | Target to telomere length and telomerase activity | MSC senescence-related changes improved | [189] |
| Engineered Microtissues (EMTs) | BM-MSC | Target to TGF-β3 | Restore the Chondrogenic Potential of Aged MSC | [190] |
| Bone matrix-simulating scaffold | UC-MSC | Target to compatibility and bioactivity | Alleviate replicative senescence of MSC | [191] |
| Poly-L-lysine | BM-MSC | Target to the functionality and stemness of MSC | Prevent Senescence and augment Growth in Culturing MSC | [192] |
| Calcium-alginate scaffolds | BM-MSC | Target to bone formation | Increase the proliferation rate and osteogenic potential of aging BM-MSC | [165] |
| Matrix-bound Cyr61/CCN1 | BM-MSC | Target to the matricellular protein, Cyr61/CCN1 | Retente BM-MSCs’ proliferation and growth factor responsiveness | [193] |