Table 1 –
Clinical characteristics, neuropathy and autonomic function measures.
| - | Type 2 diabetes without DN | Type 2 diabetes with DN |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| N=50 | N=50 | |
|
| ||
| Female (%) | 28 (56%) | 28 (56%) |
|
| ||
| Age (years) | ||
| Assessment 4 | 27.22 ± 2.68 | 27.30 ± 2.83 |
|
| ||
| Type 2 diabetes duration (years) | ||
| Assessment 4 | 13.48 ± 1.41 | 13.5 ± 1.47 |
|
| ||
| Race/Ethnicity: | ||
|
| ||
| Non-Hispanic Black (%) | 15 (30%) | 15 (30%) |
|
| ||
| Hispanic (%) | 21 (42%) | 25 (50%) |
|
| ||
| Non-Hispanic White (%) | 13 (26%) | 7 (14%) |
|
| ||
| Other (%) | 1 (2%) | 3 (6%) |
|
| ||
| Weight (kg) | ||
| Assessment 4 | 105.49 ± 25.31 (n=49) | 106.71 ± 29.41 |
|
| ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||
| Assessment 4 | 36.33 ± 8.46 (n=48) | 38.25 ± 10.43 (n=49) |
|
| ||
| SBP (mmHg) | ||
| Assessment 4 | 119.72 ± 13.32 | 122.80 ± 12.06 |
|
| ||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||
| Assessment 4 | 181.68 ± 49.29 | 184.76 ± 42.96 |
|
| ||
| HDL (mg/dL) | ||
| Assessment 4 | 45.52 ± 12.31 | 46.28 ± 14.23 |
|
| ||
| LDL (mg/dL) | ||
| Assessment 4 | 101.70 ± 32.97 | 109.70 ± 30.73 |
|
| ||
| TG (mg/dL) | ||
| Assessment 4 | 182.10 ± 227.32 | 148.86 ± 111.13 |
|
| ||
| Serum Cystatin-C (mg/L) | ||
| Assessment 4 | 0.74 ± 0.25 | 0.69 ± 0.14 |
|
| ||
| eGFR (FAS) (mL/min/1.73m2) | ||
| Assessment 4 | 121.00 ± 28.27 | 129.40 ± 28.72 |
|
| ||
| Diabetes medication use (yes) | ||
| Assessment 4 | 39 (78%) | 35 (70%) |
|
| ||
| Metformin use (yes) | ||
| Assessment 4 | 31 (62%) | 21 (42%)* |
|
| ||
| Insulin (yes) | ||
| Year 4 | 24 (48%) | 27 (54%) |
|
| ||
| Statin use (yes) | ||
| Assessment 4 | 7 (14%) | 6 (12%) |
|
| ||
| Hypertension Medication (yes) | ||
| Assessment 4 | 22 (44%) | 14 (28%) |
|
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| Neuropathy Measures | ||
|
| ||
| MNSI-Q | ||
| Assessment 4 | 1.36 ± 1.56 | 2.46 ± 2.65* |
|
| ||
| MNSI-E | ||
| Assessment 4 | 0.97 ± 0.87 | 3.38 ± 1.22*** |
|
| ||
| HbA1C concentrations (%) (n) | ||
|
| ||
| Assessment 4 | 8.05 (7.39, 8.76) (48) | 9.59 (8.80, 10.44) (49)** |
|
| ||
| Neurofilament (NFL) concentration (pg/mL) | ||
|
| ||
| Assessment 4 | 8.44 (6.94, 10.26) (50) | 12.48 (9.98, 15.60) (50)** |
|
| ||
| Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy measures (n=37) | ||
|
| ||
| SDNN (ms) | ||
| Assessment 4 | 51.76 ± 25.00 | 42.79 ± 30.59 |
|
| ||
| RMSSD (ms) | ||
|
| ||
| Assessment 4 | 45.70 ± 35.17 | 35.95 ± 33.33 |
|
| ||
| PNN50 (%) | ||
| Assessment 4 | 20.16 ± 22.53 | 14.90 ± 22.24 |
|
| ||
| LF Power (n.u.) | ||
| Assessment 4 | 51.85 ± 22.26 | 54.02 ± 20.81 |
|
| ||
| HF Power (n.u.) | ||
| Assessment 4 | 48.15 ± 22.26 | 45.98 ± 20.81 |
|
| ||
| LF-HF Power | ||
| Assessment 4 | 1.74 ± 1.64 | 1.92 ± 2.18 |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or frequency (percent). Geometric means (95% CI) (N) for NFL and %HbA1C concentrations, calculated using a longitudinal regression model, presented.
Participants were matched for gender, age and duration of type 2 diabetes at Assessment 4.
statistically significant (p value: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p <0.001). BMI = body mass index, SBP = systolic blood pressure, HBA1C = hemoglobin A1C, HDL = high-density lipoprotein, LDL = low-density lipoprotein, TG = triglyceride, eGFR (FAS) = estimated glomerular filtration rate (full age spectrum), MNSI-Q = Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument Questionnaire, MNSI-E = Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument Examination, SDNN = Standard deviation of NN intervals, RMSSD = Root mean square of successive RR interval differences, PNN50 = proportion of consecutive RR intervals that differ by more than 50ms, LF Power = power of the low-frequency band (0.04–0.15 Hz), HF Power = power of the high-frequency band (0.15–0.4 Hz). *Of note, for LF and HF, only normalized values are provided as absolute values were not available.