Table 2.
Distribution of the study sample according to baseline socio-demographic, lifestyle and health characteristics and COVID-19 outcomes (n=42,770)
| Total | COVID-19 positivity | COVID-19 hospitalization | P a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Yes | No | POS | HOSP | ||
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
| Total | 42,770 | 1,242 | 15,284 | 362 | 42,408 | ||
| WHI component: | 0.0065 | 0.020 | |||||
| WHI-CT | 18,049 (42.20) | 567 (45.65) | 6,372 (41.69) | 175 (48.34) | 17,874 (42.15) | ||
| WHI-OS | 24,721 (57.80) | 675 (54.35) | 8,912 (58.31) | 187 (51.66) | 24,534 (57.85) | ||
| Age (Years): | 0.16 | 0.001 | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 59.36 (5.76) | 59.19 (6.01) | 58.94 (5.77) | 60.33 (5.78) | 59.36 (5.75) | ||
| Race: | 0.0044 | 0.0020 | |||||
| Black | 2,413 (5.64) | 87 (7.00) | 1,042 (6.82) | 35 (9.67) | 2,378 (5.61) | ||
| White | 38,388 (89.75) | 1,121 (90.26) | 13,534 (88.55) | 313 (86.46) | 38,075 (89.78) | ||
| Asian | 1,092 (2.55) | 11 (0.89) | 375 (2.45) | 4 (1.10) | 1,088 (2.57) | ||
| Other | 877 (2.05) | 23 (1.85) | 333 (2.18) | 10 (2.76) | 867 (2.04) | ||
| Ethnicity: | 0.60 | 0.27 | |||||
| Hispanic | 1,257 (2.94) | 42 (3.38) | 464 (3.04) | 15 (4.14) | 1,242 (2.93) | ||
| Non-Hispanic | 41,422 (96.85) | 1,199 (96.54) | 14,794 (96.79) | 347 (95.86) | 41,075 (96.86) | ||
| Unknown/not reported | 91 (0.21) | 1 (0.08) | 26 (0.17) | 0 (0.00) | 91 (0.21) | ||
| Education: | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Less than High School | 761 (1.78) | 43 (3.46) | 253 (1.66) | 13 (3.59) | 748 (1.76) | ||
| High School | 5,736 (13.41) | 210 (16.91) | 1,834 (12.00) | 59 (16.30) | 5,677 (3.39) | ||
| Some college | 14,944 (34.94) | 465 (37.44) | 5,214 (34.11) | 160 (44.20) | 14,784 (34.86) | ||
| Completed College or Higher | 21,329 (49.87) | 524 (42.19) | 7,983 (52.23) | 130 (35.91) | 21,199 (49.99) | ||
| Household income ($): | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | |||||
| < 20,000 | 3,058 (7.15) | 98 (7.89) | 1,048 (6.86) | 37 (10.22) | 3,021 (7.12) | ||
| 20,000–49,999 | 16,721 (39.10) | 509 (40.98) | 5,684 (37.19) | 169 (46.69) | 16,552 (39.03) | ||
| 50,000–99,999 | 16,219 (37.92) | 474 (38.16) | 5,890 (38.54) | 120 (33.15) | 16,099 (37.96) | ||
| 100,000 | 6,772 (15.83) | 161 (12.96) | 2,662 (17.42) | 36 (9.94) | 6,736 (15.88) | ||
| Marital status: | |||||||
| Married / Partnered | 30,354 (70.97) | 934 (75.20) | 10,729 (70.20) | 257 (70.99) | 30,097 (70.97) | 0.0008 | 0.39 |
| Single | 1,707 (3.99) | 36 (2.90) | 693 (4.53) | 11 (3.04) | 1,696 (4.00) | ||
| Divorced | 6,680 (15.62) | 166 (13.37) | 2,453 (16.05) | 52 (14.36) | 6,628 (15.63) | ||
| Widowed | 4,209 (9.42) | 106 (8.53) | 1,409 (9.22) | 42 (11.60) | 3,987 (9.40) | ||
| Smoking status: | 0.40 | 0.94 | |||||
| Never | 22,562 (52.75) | 656 (52.82) | 7,772 (50.85) | 191 (52.76) | 22,371 (52.75) | ||
| Past | 18,234 (42.63) | 529 (42.59) | 6,765 (44.26) | 153 (42.27) | 18,081 (42.64) | ||
| Current | 1,974 (4.62) | 57 (4.59) | 747 (4.89) | 18 (4.97) | 1,956 (4.61) | ||
| Alcohol consumption: | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Non-drinker | 3,350 (7.83) | 131 (10.55) | 1,042 (6.82) | 48 (13.26) | 3,302 (7.79) | ||
| Former drinker | 5,967 (13.95) | 189 (15.22) | 2,196 (14.37) | 68 (18.78) | 5,899 (13.91) | ||
| < 1 drink / week | 14,673 (34.31) | 437 (35.19) | 5,212 (34.10) | 131 (36.19) | 14,542 (34.29) | ||
| ≥1 drink / week | 18,780 (43.91) | 485 (39.05) | 6,834 (44.71) | 115 (31.77) | 18,665 (44.01) | ||
| Physical activity | |||||||
| (Met-hours/week): | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 13.75 | 12.55 | 13.87 | 10.86 | 13.77 | 0.0009 | <0.0001 |
| (14.06) | (13.33) | (14.01) | (12.05) | (14.07) | |||
| Chronic conditions: | |||||||
| Cardiovascular disease: | 0.97 | 0.25 | |||||
| Yes | 5,959 (13.93) | 184 (14.81) | 2,259 (14.78) | 58 (16.02) | 5,901 (13.91) | ||
| No | 36,811 (86.07) | 1,058 (85.19) | 13,025 (85.22) | 304 (83.98) | 36,507 (86.09) | ||
| Hypertension: | 0.009 | 0.003 | |||||
| Yes | 1,326 (30.99) | 433 (34.86) | 4,779 (31.27) | 138 (38.12) | 13,118 (30.93) | ||
| No | 29,514 (69.01) | 809 (65.14) | 10,505 (68.73) | 224 (61.88) | 29,290 (69.07) | ||
| Hyperlipidemia: | 0.091 | 0.026 | |||||
| Yes | 4,291 (10.03) | 142 (11.43) | 1,518 (9.93) | 49 (13.54) | 4,242 (10.00) | ||
| No | 38,479 (89.97) | 1,100 (88.57) | 13,766 (90.07) | 313 (86.46) | 38,166 (90.00) | ||
| Diabetes: | |||||||
| Yes | 4,055 (9.48) | 129 (10.39) | 1,489 (9.74) | 42 (11.60) | 4,013 (9.46) | 0.46 | 0.17 |
| No | 38,715 (90.52) | 1,113 (89.61) | 13,795 (90.26) | 320 (88.40) | 38,395 (90.54) | ||
| Number of conditions: | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.64 (0.80) | 0.71 (0.84) | 0.66 (0.82) | 0.79 (0.87) | 0.64 (0.80) | 0.018 | 0.0013 |
| Self-rated health: | 0.33 | 0.0006 | |||||
| Excellent/Very Good/Good | 41,078 (96.04) | 1,179 (94.93) | 14,599 (95.52) | 335 (92.54) | 40,743 (96.07) | ||
| Fair/Poor | 1,692 (3.96) | 63 (5.07) | 685 (4.48) | 27 (7.46) | 1,665 (3.93) | ||
| COVID-19 Survey: | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||
| 1 | 11,145 (26.06) | 82 (6.60) | 1,998 (13.07) | 28 (7.73) | 11,117 (26.21) | ||
| 2 | 86 (0.20) | 0 (0.0) | 28 (0.18) | 1 (0.28) | 85 (0.20) | ||
| 1+2 | 31,539 (73.74) | 1,160 (93.40) | 13,258 (86.74) | 333 (91.99) | 31,206 (73.59) | ||
Note. Abbreviations: COVID-19 = Coronavirus disease 2019; HOSP = COVID-19 hospitalization; POS = COVID-19 positivity; SD = Standard Deviation; WHI = Women’s Health Initiative; WHI-CT = Women’s Health Initiative Clinical Trial; WHI-OS = Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study.
a
P values are based on independent samples t-tests or Chi-square tests.