Table 3.
Bivariate associations of COVID-19 outcomes with BMI, WC and biomarkers of glucose homeostasis a
| Total | COVID-19 Positivity | COVID-19 hospitalization | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Yes | No | ||
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | |
| SAMPLE 1: | N=16,526 | N=42,770 | |||
| Total | 42,770 | 1,242 | 15,284 | 362 | 42,408 |
| BMI [kg/m 2 ]: | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 27.20 (5.50) | 27.90 (5.50) | 27.30 (5.50) | 28.90 (5.30) | 27.20 (5.50) |
| P<0.0001 | P<0.0001 | ||||
| < 25.0 [underweight / normal weight] | 17,160 (40.12) | 438 (35.27) | 6,067 (39.70) | 98 (27.07) | 17,062 (40.23) |
| 25.0–29.9 [overweight] | 15,007 (35.09) | 427 (34.38) | 5,371 (35.14) | 134 (37.02) | 14,873 (35.07) |
| ≥30 [obese] | 10,603 (24.79) | 377 (30.35) | 3,846 (25.16) | 130 (35.91) | 10,473 (24.70) |
| P=0.0001 | P<0.0001 | ||||
| WC [cm]: | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 83.90 (12.80) | 85.80 (12.90) | 84.10 (12.90) | 88.70 (12.80) | 83.90 (12.80) |
| P<0.0001 | P<0.0001 | ||||
| ≤88 [Normal] | 29,162 (68.18) | 749 (60.31) | 10,361 (67.79) | 182 (50.28) | 28,980 (68.34) |
| > 88 [High] | 13,608 (31.82) | 493 (39.69) | 4,923 (32.21) | 180 (49.72) | 13,428 (31.66) |
| P<0.0001 | P<0.0001 | ||||
| SAMPLE 2: | N=759 | N=1,896 | |||
| Total | 1,896 | 57 | 702 | 23 | 1,873 |
| Glucose, | 88.00 | 90.00 | 88.00 | 94.00 | 88.00 |
| Median (IQR) [mg/dl] | (67.00, 97.00) | (80.00, 106.00) | (62.00, 97.00) | (82.00, 110.00) | (67.00, 97.00) |
| P=0.08 | P=0.08 | ||||
| Insulin, | 12.10 | 14.10 | 12.60 | 17.00 | 12.00 |
| Median (IQR) [μIU/ml] | (7.60, 29.10) | (8.20, 37.00) | (7.70, 30.10) | (11.90, 32.70) | (7.60, 29.00) |
| P=0.5 | P=0.06 | ||||
| HOMA-IR, | 2.37 | 3.20 | 2.50 | 3.30 | 2.40 |
| Median (IQR) | (1.52, 4.17) | (1.70, 5.50) | (1.50, 4.30) | (2.40, 5.30) | (1.50, 4.10) |
| P=0.1 | P=0.009 | ||||
| HOMA-IR > 2.5, % | 47.84% | 63.16% | 49.86% | 73.91% | 47.52% |
| P=0.05 | P=0.02 | ||||
| HOMA-β, | −14.60 | −2.30 | −12.50 | 3.60 | −14.90 |
| Median (IQR) | (−32.10, 297.00) | (−31.00, 297.00) | (−30.90, 297.00) | (−20.3, 297.00) | (−32.2, 297.00) |
| P=0.9 | P=0.23 | ||||
| QUICKI, | 0.10 | 0.090 | 0.10 | 0.090 | 0.10 |
| Median (IQR) | (0.09, 0.11) | (0.08, 0.10) | (0.09, 0.10) | (0.09, 0.10) | (0.09, 0.10) |
| P=0.1 | P=0.009 | ||||
| TyG, | 6.64 | 6.70 | 6.60 | 6.80 | 6.60 |
| Median (IQR) | (6.28, 6.93) | (6.50, 6.90) | (6.30, 6.90) | (6.50, 7.20) | (6.30, 6.90) |
| 0.07 | P=0.04 | ||||
Note. Abbreviations: BMI = Body mass index; COVID-19 = Coronavirus disease 2019; HOMA-IR = Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; HOMA-β = Homeostasis Model Assessment for β-cell function; IQR=Interquartile range; QUICKI = Quantitative Insulin-sensitivity Check Index; SD = Standard Deviation; TyG = Triglyceride-glucose index; WC = Waist circumference
a
P values are based on independent samples t-tests and Chi-square tests for BMI and WC and on Wilcoxon’s rank sum test for biomarkers of glucose homeostasis.