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. 2023 Sep 21;12(18):3509. doi: 10.3390/foods12183509

Table 2.

Changes in the relative concentration of the key volatile compounds in unfermented control and fermented moromi samples (μg/L).

LRI * Volatile Compounds Identification Method Unfermented Control Fermented Samples
Control-0 Control-30 T0-30 W5-30 T0W5-30
Alcohols
893 Methanol MS, LRI ND 59.67 ± 6.84 a 52.99 ± 7.85 b 49.77 ± 3.05 bc 47.47 ± 2.64 c
912 Ethanol MS, LRI 159.17 ± 5.41 c 491.69 ± 13.51 b 509.91 ± 18.72 b 591.81 ± 4.36 a 568.45 ± 11.25 a
1439 1-Octen-3-ol MS, LRI ND 29.43 ± 0.84 c 32.82 ± 0.13 b 36.68 ± 12.34 a 38.86 ± 0.67 a
1911 2-Phenylethanol MS, LRI 0.63 ± 0.08 d 11.23 ± 3.66 c 17.17 ± 0.16 b 18.29 ± 0.03 b 20.63 ± 1.36 a
Subtotal 159.80 592.02 612.89 696.55 675.41
Percentage (%) 95.51 89.87 85.27 84.42 78.72
Acids
1445 Acetic acid MS, LRI ND 18.38 ± 3.31 d 23.37 ± 0.43 c 25.37 ± 2.10 b 35.47 ± 2.78 a
Subtotal ND 18.38 23.37 25.37 35.47
Percentage (%) ND 2.79 3.25 3.07 4.13
Aldehydes
915 2-Methylbutyraldehyde MS, LRI 6.02 ± 1.73 d 9.28 ± 0.42 c 18.79 ± 1.25 b 18.62 ± 0.72 b 20.37 ± 0.57 a
922 Isovaleraldehyde MS, LRI 1.50 ± 2.54 d 9.48 ± 0.97 c 18.90 ± 1.08 b 19.43 ± 1.07 b 25.29 ± 1.31 a
1177 3-Methylthiopropionaldehyde MS, LRI ND 4.29 ± 0.41 d 5.31 ± 0.31 c 6.46 ± 1.13 b 9.64 ± 0.21 a
1515 Benzaldehyde MS, LRI ND 10.45 ± 2.20 d 15.23 ± 1.41 c 18.08 ± 2.11 b 24.19 ± 1.06 a
Subtotal 7.52 33.5 58.23 62.59 79.49
Percentage (%) 4.49 5.09 8.10 7.59 9.27
Esters
960 Ethyl isobutyrate MS, LRI ND 0.59 ± 0.18 d 0.93 ± 0.09 c 1.15 ± 0.12 b 2.22 ± 0.23 a
1755 Methyl phenylacetate MS, LRI ND 1.89 ± 0.22 c 1.98 ± 0.17 c 4.89 ± 0.07 b 6.79 ± 0.17 a
2224 Ethyl palmitate MS, LRI ND 5.93 ± 5.16 c 6.09 ± 1.72 c 15.24 ± 0.55 b 21.13 ± 1.42 a
Subtotal ND 8.41 9.00 21.28 30.14
Percentage (%) ND 1.28 1.25 2.58 3.51
Phenols
1940 HEMF ** MS, LRI ND ND 5.74 ± 0.08 b 3.75 ± 0.05 c 9.93 ± 0.68 a
1862 Guaiacol MS, LRI ND 2.47 ± 0.27 d 5.48 ± 0.25 c 7.35 ± 0.26 b 12.06 ± 0.05 a
1988 Methyl maltol MS, LRI ND 3.96 ± 2.64 c 4.02 ± 0.94 c 8.21 ± 0.53 b 15.45 ± 0.82 a
Subtotal ND 6.43 15.24 19.31 37.44
Percentage (%) ND 0.98 2.12 2.34 4.36
Total 167.32 658.74 718.73 825.1 857.95

* LRI: linear retention index; ** 4-Hydroxy-2 (or 5)-ethyl-5 (or 2)-methyl-3 (2H)-furanone; Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences at p ≤ 0.05. Values are the mean ± standard deviation of three independent replicates (n = 3).