Figure 1:
Conceptual framework linking the federal, state, and local policy domains to public benefits use among immigrants in the U.S.
1Expanded Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) eligibility to most documented immigrants.
2Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, which allowed states to restrict eligibility to SNAP for most documented immigrants.
3Institutionalized information sharing between the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), which receives information from local law enforcement regarding people in their custody (e.g., fingerprints), with the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE); in place in 2013–2014, and 2017-present.
4Authorizes ICE to collaborate with state and local law enforcement.
5Ground for inadmissibility into the U.S. – or inadmissibility for change in immigration status – due to perceived high risk of future dependance on public benefits.
6Including cash, food, and healthcare assistance.
7System that checks for employment eligibility in the U.S., by comparing employee information against data from the Social Security Administration and U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
8Limits cooperation between local law enforcement and ICE. Most sanctuary policies are enacted at the city or county level; however, they may also be enacted by states.