Table 3: Univariate analysis of risk factors for development of AKD.
Table 3a: Univariate analysis of categorical variables
| Covariate | AKD (n=297) | No AKD (n=231) | Odds Ratio | 96% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female sex vs male sex | 47.5% | 43.7% | 1.2 | 0.9–1.7 | 0.287 |
| Hospital location at AKI diagnosis- PICU | 26.9% | 22.9% | 1.9 | 1.2–3.1 | 0.006 |
| Hospital location at AKI diagnosis- PCICU | 22.6% | 20.3% | 1.8 | 1.1–3.0 | 0.015 |
| Hospital location at AKI diagnosis- NICU | 27.9% | 19.5% | 2.4 | 1.5–3.8 | <0.001 |
| Family history of kidney disease | 37.0% | 36.8% | 1.0 | 0.7–1.4 | 0.955 |
| Prematurity < 36 weeks | 35.7% | 23.4% | 1.3 | 1.2–2.7 | 0.002 |
| Congenital heart disease | 31.0% | 31.2% | 1.0 | 0.7–1.4 | 0.962 |
| Chronic lung disease | 5.4% | 2.6% | 2.1 | 0.8–5.6 | 0.112 |
| Malignancy | 12.5% | 6.5% | 2.1 | 1.1–3.8 | 0.022 |
| Diabetes | 0.3% | 0.9% | 0.4 | 0.03–4.3 | 0.422 |
| Hypertension | 9.1% | 7.4% | 1.3 | 0.7–2.4 | 0.475 |
| Previous AKI | 13.1% | 6.9% | 2.0 | 1.1–3.7 | 0.021 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 5.7% | 6.9% | 0.8 | 0.4–1.7 | 0.571 |
| Severe AKI | 86.9% | 71.0% | 2.7 | 1.7–4.2 | <0.001 |
| Bone marrow transplant | 13.5% | 3.5% | 4.3 | 2.0–9.5 | <0.001 |
| Solid organ transplant | 9.1% | 10.4% | 0.9 | 0.5–1.5 | 0.616 |
| Home nephrotoxic medications | 20.9% | 21.6% | 1.0 | 0.6–1.5 | 0.830 |
| Mechanical ventilation at time of AKI | 51.2% | 32.5% | 2.2 | 1.5–3.1 | <0.001 |
| ECMO at time of AKI | 8.8% | 4.3% | 2.1 | 1.0–4.5 | 0.0454 |
| Pressor support at time of AKI | 34.3% | 31.2% | 1.2 | 0.8–1.7 | 0.441 |
| Supratherapeutic medication levels during AKI | 33.3% | 23.8% | 1.6 | 1.1–2.4 | 0.017 |
| Need for KRT day 1–7 of AKI | 19.1% | 4.3% | 5.2 | 2.6–10.5 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension at time of AKI | 25.3% | 33.8% | 0.7 | 0.5–1.0 | 0.032 |
| Hypoalbuminemia at time of AKI | 80.8% | 76.1% | 1.3 | 0.8–2.4 | 0.269 |
| Proteinuria at time of AKI | 50.5% | 49.7% | 1.0 | 0.7–1.6 | 0.881 |
| Hematuria at time of AKI | 57.8% | 55.6% | 1.1 | 0.7–1.7 | 0.671 |
| AKI Etiology- Volume depletion | 61.3% | 62.3% | 1.0 | 0.7–1.4 | 0.804 |
| AKI Etiology- Infection/sepsis | 13.5% | 7.4% | 2.0 | 1.1–3.6 | 0.025 |
| AKI Etiology- Hemorrhage | 2.7% | 1.3% | 2.1 | 0.6–8.0 | 0.267 |
| AKI Etiology- Medication induced | 25.6% | 19.5% | 1.4 | 0.9–2.2 | 0.098 |
| AKI Etiology- Urinary tract obstruction | 2.4% | 7.4% | 0.3 | 0.1–0.8 | 0.006 |
| AKI Etiology- Glomerulonephritis | 1.7% | 3.0% | 0.6 | 0.2–1.8 | 0.303 |
| AKI Etiology- Cardiac (insufficiency, arrest, bypass) | 19.9% | 19.1% | 1.1 | 0.7–1.6 | 0.814 |
| Sepsis episode during AKI | 59.0% | 43.2% | 1.9 | 1.3–2.7 | 0.004 |
Missing data includes 139 children without data regarding albumin level, 155 children without data regarding proteinuria, and 160 children without data regarding hematuria.