Neuroprotective strategies
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1.1
Pharmacological therapies
Riluzole is a benzothiazole sodium channel blocker that acts as a glutamatergic modulator [ 93, 163, 165, 167].
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor ( G-CSF) is a cytokine glycoprotein that suppresses neuronal and oligodendroglial apoptosis [ 173, 174].
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1.2
Nonpharmacological therapies Systemic hypothermia reduces the basal metabolic rate, decreasing the oxygen demand in SCIs where blood perfusion is compromised [ 176].
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2.1
Pharmacological therapies
NOGO-A inhibition/antibody aims to suppress the NOGO-A, which is a protein that is present in the CNS myelin that inhibits neurite growth [ 178, 179].
RGMa inhibition aims to suppress RGMa, which is upregulated after an SCI and that plays a role in neuronal apoptosis [ 180, 181, 182].
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2.2
Cell-based therapies Neural stem cells [ 189, 190, 191], oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) [ 192], mesenchymal stem cells [ 198], Schwann cells [ 185, 203, 204, 205], and olfactory ensheathing cells [ 207].
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3.
Biomaterial scaffolds
QL6 is a water-soluble biomaterial that works on enhancing graft survival, reducing inflammation and glial scarring [ 210].
Hyaluronan/methylcellulose (HAMC) is a biodegradable polymer blend that works on the support of NSCs in SCIs and can be modified to carry and deliver growth factors [ 203, 204].
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4.
Functional electrical stimulation Uses electric currents to activate nerves and muscles to restore or improve functional movements [ 144, 148, 212, 213].
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