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. 2023 Aug 26;10(9):1456. doi: 10.3390/children10091456

Table 1.

Summary of experimental clinical research and future treatments.

  1. Neuroprotective strategies

  • 1.1
    Pharmacological therapies
    • Riluzole is a benzothiazole sodium channel blocker that acts as a glutamatergic modulator [93,163,165,167].
    • Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine glycoprotein that suppresses neuronal and oligodendroglial apoptosis [173,174].
  • 1.2
    Nonpharmacological therapies
    • Systemic hypothermia reduces the basal metabolic rate, decreasing the oxygen demand in SCIs where blood perfusion is compromised [176].
  • 2.

    Neuroregenerative therapies

  • 2.1
    Pharmacological therapies
    • NOGO-A inhibition/antibody aims to suppress the NOGO-A, which is a protein that is present in the CNS myelin that inhibits neurite growth [178,179].
    • RGMa inhibition aims to suppress RGMa, which is upregulated after an SCI and that plays a role in neuronal apoptosis [180,181,182].
  • 2.2
    Cell-based therapies
    • Neural stem cells [189,190,191], oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) [192], mesenchymal stem cells [198], Schwann cells [185,203,204,205], and olfactory ensheathing cells [207].
  • 3.
    Biomaterial scaffolds
    • QL6 is a water-soluble biomaterial that works on enhancing graft survival, reducing inflammation and glial scarring [210].
    • Hyaluronan/methylcellulose (HAMC) is a biodegradable polymer blend that works on the support of NSCs in SCIs and can be modified to carry and deliver growth factors [203,204].
  • 4.
    Functional electrical stimulation
    • Uses electric currents to activate nerves and muscles to restore or improve functional movements [144,148,212,213].

RGMa = repulsive guidance molecule A; G-CSF = granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.