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. 2023 Sep 7;20(18):6723. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20186723

Table 3.

Average weighted effect sizes (r) for the relationships between the family systems practices measures and parenting quality.

Family Systems Measures k N r 95%/CI
Family Needs
Parenting Beliefs 6 620 −0.35 −0.28, −0.41
Parent Involvement 6 1465 −0.21 −0.17, −0.25
Parenting Practices 5 1440 −0.19 −0.11, −0.26
Family Resources
Parenting Beliefs 11 1039 0.24 0.12, 0.35
Parent Involvement 11 1319 0.27 0.18, 0.36
Parenting Practices 14 3294 0.29 0.23, 0.35
Family Supports
Parenting Beliefs 13 1106 0.22 0.16, 0.28
Parent Involvement 6 1421 0.21 0.15, 0.26
Parenting Practices 7 375 0.17 0.11, 0.24
Family Strengths
Parenting Beliefs 6 1138 0.44 0.22, 0.62
Parent Involvement 7 661 0.32 0.21, 0.43
Parenting Practices 8 2527 0.36 0.23, 0.48