Table 1.
Biomarkers | Study ID | Levels | Sampling Time | Sensitivity | Specificity | AUC |
Comparison
Groups |
Sample Size |
Biological
Process |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antibody to NR 2A/2B | Dambinova 2003 [27] | Protein | 3 h | 97% | 98% | 0.99 | IS 1 | HC 230 + VC 25 + ICH 18 |
304 | Immune response |
BDNF | Algin 2019 [28] | Protein | 4 h | 100% | 92% | 0.983 | IS 75 | HC 28 | 103 | Neuronal survival and growth |
IMA index | Ahn 2011 [29] | Protein | 6 h | 95.8% | 96.4% | 0.99 | IS 28 | SM 24 | 52 | Ischemia response |
NR2 peptide | Dambinova 2012 [30] | Protein | 12 h | 92.1% | 96.5% | 0.92 | IS 50 | SM 91 + VC 48 + HC 52 |
241 | Brain cell damage |
GPBB | Park 2018 [31] | Protein | 12 h | 93% | 93% | 0.96 | IS 172 | NSC 133 | 305 | Ischaemia response |
Algawwam 2021 [32] | Protein | 24 h | N/A | N/A | N/A | IS 40 | HC 40 | 80 | ||
ADAMTS13 | Sharma 2015 [33] | Proteomics | 24 h | 90% | 98% | 0.96 | IS 50 | HC 35 | 85 | Blood haemostasis and endothelial function regulation |
S100A7 | Sharma 2015 [33] | Proteomics | 24 h | 97% | 91% | 0.912 | IS 50 | HC 35 | 85 | Blood haemostasis and endothelial function regulation |
VILIP-1 | Stejskal 2011 [34] | Protein | 3 h | 100% | 100% | 1.0 | IS 16 | HC 17 | 33 | Brain cell damage |
Laterza 2006 [35] | Protein | 24 h | N/A | N/A | N/A | IS 18 | HC N/A | 18 | ||
Algin 2019 [28] | Protein | 4 h | No statistical significance | IS 75 | HC 28 | 103 | ||||
miR-107 | Yang 2016 [36] | Transcript | 24 h | 93.8% | 92.2% | 0.97 | IS 114 | HC58 | 172 | Cerebral ischaemic injury |
miR-124 | Zhou 2021 [37] | Transcript | 24 h | 91.67% | 93.52% | 0.9527 | IS 108 | HC 108 | 216 | Anti-inflammation |
Ji 2016 [38] | Transcript | 24 h | N/A | N/A | 0.69 | IS 65 | NSC 66 | 131 | ||
Liu 2015 [39] | Transcript | 24 h | N/A | N/A | 0.76 | IS 31 | HC 11 | 42 | ||
APOA1-UP | Zhao 2016 [40] | Protein | 24 h | 90.3% | 97.14% | 0.975 | IS 168 | HC 104 | 272 | Cholesterol metabolism |
lncRNAs LINK-A | Ewida 2021 [41] | Transcript | 24 h | 92% | 94% | 0.914 | IS 50 | HS 25 | 75 | Angiogenesis |
ANTXR2 + STK3 + PDK4 + CD163 + MAL + GRAP +
ID3 + KIF1B + PLXDC2 + CTSZ |
O’Connell 2017 [42] | Gene | 5 h, 24 h | 95.7% | 95.7% | 0.997 | IS 23 | VC 23 | 46 | Immune response |
O’Connell 2017 [42] | Gene | 3 h | 91.3% | 95.7% | 0.991 | IS 23 | VC 23 | 46 | ||
O’Connell 2016 [43] | Genomics | 5.3 h | 97.4% | 100% | N/A | IS 39 | NAC 24 | 63 | ||
O’Connell 2016 [43] | Genomics | 4.6 h | 92.3% | 100% | N/A | IS 39 | NAC 24 | 63 | ||
O’Connell 2016 [43] | Genomics | 4.6 h | 97.4% | 90% | N/A | IS 39 | SM 20 | 59 | ||
S100B + BNGF + vWF + MMP9 + MCP-1 |
Reynolds 2003 [44] | Protein | 3 h | 98.1% | 91.7% | N/A | IS 82 | HS 103 + HC 214 + TBI 38 |
437 | Brain cell damage, neuronal survive, coagulation, inflammation |
Reynolds 2003 [44] | Protein | 6 h | 98.1% | 93.1% | N/A | IS 82 | HS 103 + HC 214 + TBI 38 |
437 | ||
GFAP+ antibody against NR2 | Stanca 2015 [45] | Protein | 12 h | 94% | 91% | N/A | IS 49 | HS 23 |
72 | Brain cell damage, immune response |
17-peptide-panel | O’Connell 2019 [46] | Proteomics | 12 h | 93.3% | 90% | 0.95 | IS 19 | HS 17 | 36 | Immune response |
aAbs to NR2A/2B, autoantibodies (aAbs) to NR2A/2B subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; IMA index, ischaemia-modified albumin index; NR2 peptide, NR2 subunit peptide of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; GPBB, glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB; ADAMTS13, von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease; S100A7, S100 calcium-binding protein A7; VILIP-1, visinin-like protein 1; APOA1-UP, apolipoprotein A1-unique peptide; HC: healthy control; VC: vascular risk control; NSC: non-stroke control; NAC: neurologically asymptomatic control; IS: ischaemic stroke; HS: haemorrhagic stroke; SM: stroke mimics; TIA: transient ischaemic attack; TBI: traumatic brain injury.