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. 2023 Sep 7;24(18):13821. doi: 10.3390/ijms241813821

Table 1.

Reported biomarkers with highest sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of ischaemic stroke in early stage.

Biomarkers Study ID Levels Sampling Time Sensitivity Specificity AUC Comparison
Groups
Sample Size Biological
Process
Antibody to NR 2A/2B Dambinova 2003 [27] Protein 3 h 97% 98% 0.99 IS 1 HC 230 +
VC 25 +
ICH 18
304 Immune response
BDNF Algin 2019 [28] Protein 4 h 100% 92% 0.983 IS 75 HC 28 103 Neuronal survival and growth
IMA index Ahn 2011 [29] Protein 6 h 95.8% 96.4% 0.99 IS 28 SM 24 52 Ischemia response
NR2 peptide Dambinova 2012 [30] Protein 12 h 92.1% 96.5% 0.92 IS 50 SM 91 +
VC 48 +
HC 52
241 Brain cell damage
GPBB Park 2018 [31] Protein 12 h 93% 93% 0.96 IS 172 NSC 133 305 Ischaemia response
Algawwam 2021 [32] Protein 24 h N/A N/A N/A IS 40 HC 40 80
ADAMTS13 Sharma 2015 [33] Proteomics 24 h 90% 98% 0.96 IS 50 HC 35 85 Blood haemostasis and endothelial function regulation
S100A7 Sharma 2015 [33] Proteomics 24 h 97% 91% 0.912 IS 50 HC 35 85 Blood haemostasis and endothelial function regulation
VILIP-1 Stejskal 2011 [34] Protein 3 h 100% 100% 1.0 IS 16 HC 17 33 Brain cell damage
Laterza 2006 [35] Protein 24 h N/A N/A N/A IS 18 HC N/A 18
Algin 2019 [28] Protein 4 h No statistical significance IS 75 HC 28 103
miR-107 Yang 2016 [36] Transcript 24 h 93.8% 92.2% 0.97 IS 114 HC58 172 Cerebral ischaemic injury
miR-124 Zhou 2021 [37] Transcript 24 h 91.67% 93.52% 0.9527 IS 108 HC 108 216 Anti-inflammation
Ji 2016 [38] Transcript 24 h N/A N/A 0.69 IS 65 NSC 66 131
Liu 2015 [39] Transcript 24 h N/A N/A 0.76 IS 31 HC 11 42
APOA1-UP Zhao 2016 [40] Protein 24 h 90.3% 97.14% 0.975 IS 168 HC 104 272 Cholesterol metabolism
lncRNAs LINK-A Ewida 2021 [41] Transcript 24 h 92% 94% 0.914 IS 50 HS 25 75 Angiogenesis
ANTXR2 + STK3 + PDK4 + CD163 + MAL + GRAP +
ID3 + KIF1B +
PLXDC2 + CTSZ
O’Connell 2017 [42] Gene 5 h, 24 h 95.7% 95.7% 0.997 IS 23 VC 23 46 Immune response
O’Connell 2017 [42] Gene 3 h 91.3% 95.7% 0.991 IS 23 VC 23 46
O’Connell 2016 [43] Genomics 5.3 h 97.4% 100% N/A IS 39 NAC 24 63
O’Connell 2016 [43] Genomics 4.6 h 92.3% 100% N/A IS 39 NAC 24 63
O’Connell 2016 [43] Genomics 4.6 h 97.4% 90% N/A IS 39 SM 20 59
S100B + BNGF +
vWF + MMP9 +
MCP-1
Reynolds 2003 [44] Protein 3 h 98.1% 91.7% N/A IS 82 HS 103 +
HC 214 + TBI 38
437 Brain cell damage, neuronal survive, coagulation, inflammation
Reynolds 2003 [44] Protein 6 h 98.1% 93.1% N/A IS 82 HS 103 +
HC 214 + TBI 38
437
GFAP+ antibody against NR2 Stanca 2015 [45] Protein 12 h 94% 91% N/A IS 49 HS 23
72 Brain cell damage, immune response
17-peptide-panel O’Connell 2019 [46] Proteomics 12 h 93.3% 90% 0.95 IS 19 HS 17 36 Immune response

aAbs to NR2A/2B, autoantibodies (aAbs) to NR2A/2B subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; IMA index, ischaemia-modified albumin index; NR2 peptide, NR2 subunit peptide of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; GPBB, glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB; ADAMTS13, von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease; S100A7, S100 calcium-binding protein A7; VILIP-1, visinin-like protein 1; APOA1-UP, apolipoprotein A1-unique peptide; HC: healthy control; VC: vascular risk control; NSC: non-stroke control; NAC: neurologically asymptomatic control; IS: ischaemic stroke; HS: haemorrhagic stroke; SM: stroke mimics; TIA: transient ischaemic attack; TBI: traumatic brain injury.