Table 2.

Circadian gene variants associated with various phenotypes originating from disrupted physiological processes.

Gene	Variant	Genotype	Phenotype	Population	Reference
PER1	rs2585405	GC + CC	Lower 3α-diol, higher SHBG	Chinese	[66]
PER2	rs6431590	AG + AA	Lack of overnight blood pressure decrease	Chinese	[67]
PER3	rs57875989	4/5 + 5/5 VNTR	Increased serum IGF-I levels andIGF-I:IGFBP3 ratio	Chinese	[66]
CLOCK	rs4580704	CG + GG DM	Lower blood pressure, higher serum concentrations of MCP1 and adiponectin, lower type 2 diabetes risk	Caucasian or predominantly Caucasian	[68,69,70]
	rs1801260 (3111T/C)	GG RM	Higher fasting insulin, higher HOMA-IR	Caucasian	[68]
		CT + CC	Higher oddsratio for the prevalence of diabetes	Japanese	[71]
			Higher risk for cardiovascular disease	multiple	[72]
	rs1554483	GC + GG	Overweight, obesity	Caucasian	[73]
	rs4864548	AG + AA	Overweight, obesity	Caucasian	[73]
	rs13113518	CT AM	Higher campesterol levels	Caucasian	[74]
	rs35115774	C- AM	Lower campesterol and sitosterol levels	Caucasian	[74]
	rs6832769	AG AM	Lower campesterol and sitosterol levels	Caucasian	[74]
	rs3749474	TC + TT DM	Higher energy intake, decreased serum levels of IL-6 and MCP1	predominantly Caucasian	[69]
	rs6811520	TT RM	Higher incidence of myocardial infarction	Caucasian (Croatian)	[75]
	rs13124436	GG RM	Higher incidence of myocardial infarction	Caucasian (Croatian)	[75]
BMAL1	rs6486121	TC + CC DM	Higher campesterol levels	Caucasian	[74]
	rs3789327	AG + GG DM	Lower incidence of myocardial infarction	Caucasian (Croatian)	[75]
	rs12363415	AG + GG DM	Lower incidence of myocardial infarction	Caucasian (Croatian)	[75]
	rs3816358	TT + TG	Lack of overnight blood pressure decrease	Chinese	[67]
	rs7950226	GG RM	Lower risk for MetS comorbidities	multiple	[76]
CRY1	rs2078074	CC RM	Higher sitosterol levels	Caucasian	[74]
	rs2287161	CC	Higher carbohydrate intake	Spanish and Northamerican (predominatly Caucasian)	[77]
RORββ	rs1410225	TT	Presence of overnight blood pressure decrease	Chinese	[67]
RORα	rs10519096	AG + AA	Lack of overnight blood pressure decrease	Chinese	[67]
REV-ERBα	rs2314339	AG + AA	Lower probability of abdominal obesity, more physical activity	Spanish and Northamerican (predominatly Caucasian)	[78]
NPAS2	rs3888170	CT + CC	Lack of overnight blood pressure decrease	Chinese	[67]
	rs2305160	GA + AA	Decreased levels of free and bioavailable testosterone	Chinese	[66]

3α-diol—5a-androstane-3α, 17β-diol glucuronide; SHBG—sex hormone-binding globulin; IGF-I—insulin-like growth factor I; IGFBP3—insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3; DM—dominant model; RM—recessive model; HOMA-IR—homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; AM—additive model; RQ—respiratory quotient; RMR—resting metabolic rate; MetS—metabolic syndrome.